EXCHANGE 


THE    CELEBRATION 


OF  THE 


SEMI-CENTENNIAL  ANNIVERSARY 


OF 


THE  NEW  YORK 

Academy  of  Medicine 


HELD  AT 


CARNEGIE    MUSIC   HALL 
JANUARY  29,   1897 


PRINTED   FOR  THE  ACADEMY 
1903 


CXCH 


»^IQ' 


PREFACE 

The  following  pages  contain  a  full  account  of  the 
semi-centennial  celebration  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine,  held  on  January  29,  1897,  together  with  a  copy 
of  the  original  constitution  of  the  Academy  and  a  list  of 
the  officers  of  the  Academy  from  the  time  of  its  organiza- 
tion, in  1847,  down  to  January  i,  1897. 

The  celebration  began  with  exercises  in  the  large  audi- 
torium of  the  Carnegie  Music  Hall,  Fifty-seventh  Street 
and  Seventh  Avenue,  at  8.30  p.m.  A  brilHant  assembly 
of  the  Fellows  of  the  Academy  and  their  invited  guests 
filled  the  hall  to  overflowing. 

After  the  eloquent  address  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  the  Hon.  Grover  Cleveland,  which  closed 
the  formal  part  of  the  exercises,  a  reception  was  held  in 
the  building  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  No.  17  West 
Forty-third  Street.  Here  all  were  presented  to  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  who  graciously  delayed  his 
departure  to  Washington  for  the  purpose  of  meeting  the 
Fellows  of  the  Academy  and  their  guests. 

At  a  stated  meeting  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, held  November  5,  1896,  the  following  recommenda- 
tion from  the  Council  was  read: 

"In  view  of  the  approach  of  the  semi-centennial  of  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Council  recom- 
mends to  the  Academy  that  the  occasion  be  celebrated 
in  an  appropriate  manner,  and  that  the  details  of  this 
celebration  should  be  left  to  three  committees — one  of 
arrangement,  one  of  invitation,  and  one  of  entertainment, 
to  be  appointed  by  the  President,  of  which  he  shall  be  a 
member  ex-officio.'' 

532S78 


4  Preface 

Upon  motion  this  recommendation  of  the  Council  was 
accepted. 

The  President  appointed  the  following  committees,  in 
accordance  with  the  resolution: 

COMMITTEE   ON  ARRANGEMENTS. 

William  M.  Polk,  M.D.,  Chairman. 
Robert  F.  Weir,  M.D.  A.  Alexander  Smith,  M.D 

Charles  McBurney,  M.D.        Edward  G.  Janeway,  M.D. 
D.  B.  St.  John  Roosa,  M.D.  Landon  Carter  Gray,  M.D. 
William  T.  Lusk,  M.D.  Edward  D.  Fisher,  M.D. 

COMMITTEE    ON   INVITATION. 

John  H.  Girdner,  M.D.,  Chairman. 
Egbert  H.  Grandin,  M.D.      Charles  Inslee  Pardee,  M.D. 
Clarence  C.  Rice,  M.D.  Prince  A.  Morrow,  M.D. 

COMMITTEE    ON    ENTERTAINMENT. 

Daniel  Lewis,  M.D.,  Chairman. 
M.  Allen  Starr,  M.D.  H.  Holbrook  Curtis,  M.D. 

Clement  Cleveland,  M.D.       Arthur  M.  Jacobus,  M.D. 
Nathan  E.  Brill,  M.D.  T.  Matlack  Cheesman,  M.D. 


ANNOUNCEMENT  BY  THE  COMMITTEE 
ON    ARRANGEMENTS 


THE    NEW    YORK   ACADEMY    OF    MEDICINE. 
New  York,  December  15,  1896. 

At  a  stated  meeting  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  held 
November  5th,  it  was  unanimously  resolved  to  celebrate 
the  semi-centennial  of  the  founding  of  the  Academy. 

The  Committee  of  Arrangements  begs  to  announce  that 
public  exercises  will  be  held  on  January  29,  1897,  at 
Carnegie  Hall,  to  be  followed  later  in  the  evening  by  a 
reception  at  the  Academy  of  Medicine. 

The  programme  will  be  substantially  as  follows: 

Address  by  President  Cleveland. 

Oration  by  Dr.  A.  Jacobi. 

Addresses  by  one  or  more  of  the  founders  of  the 
Academy. 

Each  Fellow  of  the  Academy  will  be  entitled  to  two 
reserved  seat  tickets  (good  until  8  p.m.),  and  also  to  one 
ticket,  admitting  two,  to  the  reception  at  the  Academy. 

The  expenses  of  the  celebration  will  be  about  $3,500, 
and  the  committee  asks  from  each  Fellow  of  the  Academy 
a  subscription  of  $5  or  more. 

Tickets  will  be  issued  in  the  order  of  application;  you 
will  therefore  kindly  fill  out  the  enclosed  card,  stating 
whether  you  intend  to  be  present,  and  also  the  amount 
of  your  subscription. 

It  is  hoped  that  all  the  members  of  the  Academy 
whether  expecting  to  be  present  or  not,  will  subscribe 
liberally,  as  it  is  intended  to  make  the  occasion  a  memo- 
rable one  in  the  history  of  the  Academy. 

Wm.  M.  Polk,  M.D., 
Chairman  Committee  of  Arrangements. 
Edward  D.  Fisher^  M.D., 

Secretary. 


INVITATION    TO    THE    CELEBRATION 


The  President  and  Council 
request  the  pleasure  of  your  company 

at  the 

Semi-Centennial   Celebration 

of 

The  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine, 

on  Friday  evening,  January  the  twenty-ninth. 

Joseph  D.  Bryant,  M.D., 

Reginald  H.  Sayre,  M.D., 

Secretary. 

COMMITTEE  ON  ARRANGEMENTS: 

William  M.  Polk,  M.D.,  Chairman, 
Robert  F.  Weir,  M.D.,  D.  B.  St.  John  Roosa,  M.D., 

William  T.  Lusk,  M.D.,  Edward  G.  Janeway,  M.D., 

Charles  McBumey,  M.D.,  Landon  Carter  Gray,  M.D., 

A.  Alex.  Smith,  M.D.,  Edward  D.  Fisher,  M.D. 

COMMITTEE  ON  INVITATION: 

John  H.  Girdner,  M.D.,  Chairman, 
Egbert  H.  Grandin,  M.D.,  Charles  Inslee  Pardee,  M.D., 

Clarence  C.  Rice,  M.D.,  Prince  A.  Morrow,  M.D. 

COMMITTEE   ON    ENTERTAINMENT: 

Daniel  Lewis,  M.D.,  Chairman, 
M.  Allen  Starr,  M.D.,  Arthur  M.  Jacobus,  M.D.,  ' 

H.  Holbrook  Curtis,  M.D  Nathan  E.  Brill    M.D., 

Clement  Cleveland,  M.D.,  T.  Matlack  Cheesman,  M.D. 


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EXERCISES    AT    CARNEGIE    HALL 

January  29,  1897. 


PROGRAMME    OF    EXERCISES   AT    CARNEGIE 

HALL. 

INVOCATION, 
Right  Rev.  Bishop  Potter,  LL.D. 

ADDRESS, 
Joseph  D.  Bryant,  M.D., 

President  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine. 

Music. 

ADDRESSES, 

Samuel  S.  Purple,  M.D.,  and  Lewis  A.  Sayre,  M.D,, 

of  the  Founders  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine. 

Music. 

ORATION, 

A.  Jacobi,  M.D., 

an  ex-President  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine 

Music. 

ADDRESS, 
The  President  of  the  United  States,  Hon.  Grover  Cleveland. 

Music. 


ADDRESS 
BY  THE   PRESIDENT   OF   THE  ACADEMY, 

JOSEPH   D.   BRYANT,   M.D. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen: 

As  presiding  officer  of  the  occasion,  it  gives  me  great 
pleasure,  on  behalf  of  the  Fellows  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  to  extend  to  all  a  cordial  welcome 
to  the  semi-centennial  anniversary  of  the  foundation  of 
the  organization.  We  greet  you  with  a  keen  sense  of 
appreciation  of  the  honor  your  presence  confers,  and  ven- 
ture to  express  the  hope  of  a  continuance  of  your  friendly 
regard  in  time  to  come.  And,  too,  we  hasten  to  acknowl- 
edge our  profound  obligations  to  those  whose  beneficent 
aid  and  loyal  support  have  reared  from  comparative  insig- 
nificance to  sturdy  manhood  a  medical  body  coequal  with 
the  other  learned  professions  of  the  city,  in  material  and 
scientific  possessions. 

Your  attention  is  respectfully  directed  to  the  expres- 
sion indicating  the  medical  purposes  of  the  organization, 
which  are,  in  the  language  of  the  constitution  of  the  Acad- 
emy, ''  the  promotion  of  the  science  and  art  of  medicine, 
including  the  maintenance  of  a  public  library."  How  well 
these  aims  have  been  observed  will  be  told  to  you  by  the 
orator  of  the  evening,  and,  therefore,  needs  no  mention 
at  this  time.  Neither  does  it  require  the  utterance  of 
pointed  or  extended  statements  to  indicate  the  reason 
for  the  presence  of  this  distinguished  and  kindly  gather- 
ing of  the  friends  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  for  the 
generous  regard  exhibited  by  you  at  this  time  is  a  self- 
evident  expression  of  the  natural  delight  experienced  by  all 


^-nir"^ 


*••  •    t      •  <>*  •  %« 

lo   ''"•'*''•  '7»^^  'S^jHi-C*ekfennial  Celebration 

good  people  in  the  realization  of  the  happy  outcome  of 
commendable  endeavor  under  all  circumstances. 

The  Fellows  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine 
and  their  friends  signalize  with  exceeding  gladness  to- 
night their  appreciation  of  the  wise  conception  of  fifty 
years  ago,  and  of  the  magnificent  issue — an  issue  the 
product  of  continued  effort,  stimulated  by  public  pride 
and  professional  fidelity.  The  attainment  by  the  organi- 
zation of  its  grand  home  and  scientific  belongings  can 
be  regarded  in  no  other  light  than  as  an  earnest  of  its 
rapidly  advancing  importance,  based  on  an  awakened 
professional  esprit  dii  corps  and  a  higher  station  in  pub- 
lic confidence  and  esteem.  The  cohesive  efforts  of  mem- 
bers of  our  vocation,  directed  to  the  establishment  and 
maintenance  of  tangible  evidences  of  progress  and  en- 
lightenment that  serve  to  beautify  and  contribute  to  the 
importance  of  the  commonwealth  of  which  they  are  a  por- 
tion, engender  a  healthy  and  extended  consideration  for 
our  profession  on  the  part  of  those  whose  civic  pride  and 
patriotism  constitute  them  as  public  benefactors. 

It  is  said,  sometimes,  that  many  of  our  calling  regard 
their  duty  to  society  as  completed  when  they  shall  have 
ministered  to  the  maladies  of  those  07ily  whose  good  fort- 
une enables  them  to  solicit  the  attention.  Certainly, 
there  is  no  class  of  citizens  that  can  add  more  to  the 
stability  and  moral  excellence  of  a  body  politic  than  can 
those  whose  professional  duty  it  is  to  understand  and 
remedy  the  ill  effects  of  the  violations  of  law  and  order 
on  the  physical  and  mental  vigor  of  its  people;  and,  when 
it  is  recalled  that  the  medical  profession  of  this  city  alone 
ministers  annually,  in  the  hospitals  and  dispensaries,  to 
the  physical  misfortunes  of  more  than  half  a  million  of 
her  needy  residents,  without  the  expectation  of  pecuniary 
recompense  or  other  reward  than  that  which  attends  well- 
doing and  experience,  then,  indeed,  it  can  be  said  with 


Address  oj  the  President  of  the  Academy  ii 

all  modesty  of  the  medical  profession,  that  it  contributes 
a  royal  part  to  the  health  and  comfort  of  the  physically 
oppressed  of  the  community.  Nor  is  the  zeal  in  the  labor 
lessened  by  the  knowledge  of  the  fact  that  the  possessors 
of  plenty  often  so  masquerade  in  the  manner  and  habili- 
ment of  poverty  as  to  secure  by  illicit  method  the  ad- 
vantage of  charity's  price. 

The  rewards  of  this  labor  are  potent  and  far-reaching. 
The  usefulness  of  the  distressed  is  extended;  their  self- 
respect  is  increased,  and  gratitude  is  established  in  hearts 
where  before  it  had  but  a  fickle  tenure;  and  thus  is  begot- 
ten a  higher  sense  of  accountability  to  the  mandates  of 
good  citizenship,  and  a  firmer  grasp  on  the  minds  of  the 
public  of  the  benefits  of  self-government.  Nor  is  this  all 
that  the  medical  profession  is  ready  and  glad  to  do.  In 
every  question  and  emergency  of  a  sanitary  nature  that 
relates  to  the  corporeal  and  commercial  welfare  of  the 
people,  the  profession  gives  unsparingly  and  with  earnest 
desire  its  best  physical  efforts  and  wisest  mental  concep- 
tions. Striking  examples  of  this  course  of  action  on  the 
part  of  the  profession,  as  represented  by  Fellows  of  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  are  witnessed  in  con- 
nection with  Quarantine,  the  Health  Department  of  this 
city,  the  Croton  water-shed,  and  other  instances;  all  being 
matters  of  such  recent  history  as  to  require  but  a  men- 
tion now  to  recall,  not  only  those  stirring  occasions,  but 
also  the  character,  the  value,  and  the  outcome  of  their 
patient  and  untiring  efforts. 

These  evidences  of  professional  public  spirit  were  wel- 
come and  dutiful  offerings,  expressive  of  the  fact  that 
physicians,  like  all  other  citizens,  hesitate  at  no  sacrifice 
in  the  interest  of  the  public  good.  Although  the  com- 
parative paucity  of  the  substantial  rewards  of  their  calling 
renders  impossible  the  giving  of  munificent  pecuniary  con- 
tributions, still,  their  special  knowledge,  bodily  comfort, 


12  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

and  personal  safety  are  bestowed  with  a  freedom  that  out- 
weighs in  the  scale  of  human  experience  the  giving  of 
the  grosser  gains  of  unprofessional  endeavor. 

However  this  may  be,  there  yet  remains  the  fact  that 
physicians,  like  other  citizens,  share  in  the  favors  of  en- 
lightened control,  and,  therefore,  like  them,  owe  an  un- 
swerving allegiance  to  the  principles  that  contemplate  the 
greatest  good  to  the  greatest  number,  as  attained  through 
every  path  of  human  exertion.  Therefore,  to  those  of 
generous  heart  and  benevolent  purpose  we  say,  that  which 
we  have  shall  be  joined  with  yours,  together  with  a  prayer 
that  both  shall  augment  the  wisdom  and  strength  of  the 
needy  in  every  walk  of  life. 

Fifty  years  ago  184  prominent  members  of  the  medi- 
cal profession  of  this  city  founded  the  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine.  Of  this  number,  eight  are  yet  in  the 
ranks  of  the  living,  two  of  whom  will  honor  this  occasion 
— ^as  all  have  honored  the  profession — with  words  of  wise 
significance. 


ADDRESS  OF  SAMUEL  S.  PURPLE,  M.D. 

Mr.  President,  Friends,  and  Fellows  of  the  Nezv  York  Acad^ 

emy  of  Medicine: 

Occasions  like  the  present  naturally  call  up  remem- 
brances of  the  past;  these,  in  detail,  I  will  leave  for  those 
who  follow  me,  and  will  confine  my  remarks  briefly  to 
the  spirit,  scope,  and  needs  of  this  institution. 

The  inspirations  of  the  midnight  hour  of  November  18, 
1846,  when  the  cause  of  the  widows  and  orphans  of  medi- 
cal men  pleaded  not  in  vain,  will  ever  be  remembered 
as  the  initial  point  of  this  institution.  The  spirit  of  that 
benevolent  occasion,  fostered  and  encouraged  by  the  good 
and  true  men  of  the  medical  profession  there  assembled, 


Address  oj  Samuel  S.  Purple,  M,D,  13 

culminated  on  January  13,  1847,  in  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution  and  by-laws  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine,  which  in  spirit  and  power  have  for  the  past 
fifty  years  fulfilled  nobly  the  purpose  for  which  they  were 
created.  They  still  remain  a  bulwark  for  the  future  guide 
and  protection  of  this  institution. 

The  motives  which  moved  the  founders  of  this  Academy 
in  their  work  were  the  creation  of  an  institution  which 
should  be  a  barrier  between  quackery  and  medical  in- 
tegrity— the  establishment  of  a  stringent  motive  for  ethical 
observance — a  desire  to  stand  well  among  one's  fellows, 
and  a  determined  step  toward  professional  harmony  and 
sentiment  in  the  suppression  of  pretension  and  the  sup- 
port of  purity  of  medical  character.  May  these  motives 
be  ever  the  same  in  this  Academy,  their  course  ever  on- 
ward, and  in  the  language  of  another,  may  this  institu- 
tion ever  exist  a  shelter  for  the  good,  a  warning  and 
terror  to  the  vicious,  a  stimulus  to  and  a  reward  for  high 
and  holy  action,  and  a  defender  of  our  one  faith  and 
common  altar. 

But  there  were  other  motives  that  moved  the  founders 
of  this  Academy,  and  which  have  been  constantly  kept  in 
view;  these  are  embraced  in  the  cultivation  of  the  science 
of  medicine,  the  elevation  of  the  standard  of  medical  edu- 
cation, the  promotion  of  public  health,  the  procurement 
of  a  building  to  be  devoted  to  the  Academy,  one  in  which 
all  the  regular  members  of  the  profession  could  meet  on 
common  ground.  These  objects  have,  in  the  main,  been 
realized.  But  there  was  still  another,  which  was  early 
entertained  by  the  founders,  but  which  did  not  take  on 
formal  development  until  1876,  and  this  was  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  great  medical  library,  free  to  all,  one  that 
would  fully  meet  the  present  and  future  wants  of  the 
medical  profession  in  this  great  city.  It  does  not,  per- 
haps, become  me  to  enter  even  upon  a  general  description 


14  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

of  the  methods  by  which  these  results  have,  in  the  main, 
been  accomplished.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine  has  now  a  free  library  at  the  service 
of  the  profession  and  the  public  of  50,000  volumes,  a  medi- 
cal library  which  is  only  excelled  in  this  country  by  that 
of  the  Surgeon-General's  office  in  Washington,  and  that 
is  cared  for  and  sustained  by  the  general  government. 
Our  library,  to  adequately  fulfil  the  requirements  of  the 
present  and  the  demands  of  the  future,  greatly  needs  the 
early  enlargement  of  the  library  fund.  The  present  year 
offers  to  the  friends  of  this  institution  the  opportunity  to 
aid  in  this  particular  the  good  work  in  which  it  is  engaged. 

In  1877  the  honorable  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  on  the  application  of  the  founders  of  this 
Academy,  granted  a  special  charter,  conferring  certain 
powers  and  privileges  upon  the  Academy,  in  the  nature 
of  a  trust.  By  this  charter  the  trust  funds  are  completely 
protected,  and  the  knowledge  of  this  fact,  we  hope,  will 
lead  our  friends  to  aid  in  the  completion  of  the  library 
endowment  fund.  When  this  is  accomplished,  the  library 
will  be  able  to  meet  the  wants  of  its  thousands  of  readers. 

The  marked  interest  that  the  wise,  the  good,  and  the 
wealthy  men  of  our  city  are  manifesting  in  literary  facili- 
ties, show  that  New  York  is  fast  becoming  the  literary 
centre  of  America.  Who  of  the  many  thousands  that 
travel  on  the  elevated  railway  that  winds  along  the  eastern 
slope  of  Morningside  Park,  has  failed  to  observe  that 
grand  structure  which  looms  up  in  the  western  horizon, 
which  Columbia's  noble  benefactor  is  erecting  and  endow- 
ing as  a  home  for  her  library?  Such  munificent  acts  of 
private  benevolence  call  for  the  admiration  and  gratitude 
of  the  public,  alike  to  that  rendered  him  who  wielded 
armies  for  the  public  good. 

Casting  my  eye  over  this  vast  assembly  and  observing 
the  thousands  of  ladies  that  grace  this  occasion,  I  am 


Address  oj  Samuel  S.  PurplCy  M,D.  15 

reminded  of  the  fact  that  they  are  our  best  patrons  and 
our  warmest  friends.  No  stronger  illustration  is  needed 
to  confirm  the  truth  of  this  assertion  than  is  found  in 
the  history  of  this  Academy.  The  special  charter  of  1877 
places  all  the  personal  and  real  estate  of  the  Academy 
in  the  hands  of  its  five  trustees,  in  the  form  of  a  general 
permanent  trust  fund.  The  amount  of  this  fund  at  the 
present  time  slightly  exceeds  $300,000;  of  this  amount, 
three  lady  friends  (and  God  bless  them)  have  contributed 
more  than  $100,000.  May  their  good  example  be  fol- 
lowed in  the  coming  half-century  by  some  of  those  who 
are  here  to-night. 

But  Mr.  President,  I  will  close  these  desultory  re- 
marks. In  looking  back  upon  the  career  of  this  Academy 
for  the  past  fifty  years,  its  founders,  who,  it  has  been  said, 
"builded  better  than  they  knew,"  observe  with  pleasure 
and  becoming  pride  that  their  highest  anticipations  have 
been  reahzed.  They  still  recognize  the  inspirations  of  that 
benevolent  occasion  when  the  cause  of  the  widow  and 
orphan  pleaded  not  in  vain,  and  they  most  fervently  pray 
that  that  God  who  guided  and  protected  the  children  of 
Israel  in  their  passage  through  the  Red  Sea  will,  in  his 
own  good  time  and  way,  guide  and  protect  this  institution 
in  efforts  to  prepare  the  best  means  to  relieve  the  down- 
cast, heal  the  sick,  and  to  encourage  and  guide  the  junior 
members  of  the  medical  profession  of  this  great  city  to 
good  work  and  good  deeds. 

Mr.  President,  I  thank  you  for  the  privileges  of  this 
occasion. 


1 6  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

ADDRESS   OF  LEWIS  A.   SAYRE,  M.D. 

Mr.  President,  Fellows  of  the  Academy,  Ladies  and  Gentle- 
men: 

I  remember  very  well  the  evening  when  the  idea  of 
forming  the  Academy  of  Medicine  was  first  suggested. 

It  was  after  the  annual  dinner  of  the  Society  for  the 
Relief  of  the  Widows  and  Orphans  of  Medical  Men,  or- 
ganized by  the  late  Dr.  Edward  Delafield,  and  which,  up 
to  that  time,  had  always  held  its  annual  dinners  at  the 
Astor  House. 

This  occasion  afforded  the  only  opportunity  the  pro- 
fession had  for  social  intercourse.  It  is  true  that  there 
were  various  small  medical  clubs  in  different  parts  of  the 
city  at  that  time,  but  their  members  never  met  at  a  com- 
mon gathering,  except  at  this  yearly  banquet,  when  the 
large  dining-room  and  spacious  parlors  of  the  Astor  House 
offered  a  delightful  opportunity  for  professional  discus- 
sions after  the  dinner  was  over.  On  this  particular  occa- 
sion we  did  not  meet  at  the  Astor  House,  as  usual,  but 
at  Peteler's,  a  fashionable  restaurant  on  Broadway,  near 
Prince  Street.  During  the  course  of  the  evening,  the 
subject  of  forming  a  new  society  was  discussed,  which 
should  have  a  building  of  its  own,  in  which  the  various 
departments  of  the  profession  could  have  a  permanent 
home,  and  in  which  could  be  collected  a  library  which 
should  be  worthy  of  the  profession,  and  an  honor  as  well 
as  an  ornament  to  the  city.  The  County  Medical  Society 
was,  at  that  time,  the  only  organization  that  could  grant 
the  legal  power  to  practise  medicine  in  this  city;  it  had, 
however,  fallen  into  disrepute  through  having  failed  in  the 
discharge  of  its  official  duties,  and  in  maintaining  the  honor 
and  dignity  of  the  profession. 

It  was  therefore  thought  best  by   many  of  its  mem- 


Address  oj  Lewts  A.  Sayre^  M.D.  17 

bers  to  organize  a  new  society,  which  should  be  governed 
by  a  code  of  ethics,  similar  to  that  subsequently  adopted 
by  the  American  Medical  Association,  at  its  organiza- 
tion in  Philadelphia. 

We  elected  for  our  first  president  Dr.  John  Stearns, 
on  account  of  his  great  ability  as  a  presiding  officer,  his 
agreeable,  affable  manners,  his  sterling  integrity,  and  high 
sense  of  professional  honor. 

This  wise  choice  of  a  president  did  much  to  raise  the 
Academy  in  the  public  estimation,  and  put  it  on  a  proper 
basis  for  future  usefulness. 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  Academy  was  to  petition 
the  Legislature  to  establish  a  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Health,  to  look  after  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  city; 
this  board  to  consist  of  scientific  physicians  of  experience, 
and  practical  sanitary  engineers,  who  were  to  be  appointed 
irrespective  of  politics,  and  to  be  given  almost  unlimited 
control  of  everything  pertaining  to  the  public  health. 

The  wisdom  of  this  action  is  very  apparent  at  the  pres- 
ent time,  for,  on  referring  to  our  table  of  vital  statistics, 
we  find  that  the  death-rate  of  the  city  of  New  York  com- 
pares most  favorably  with  that  of  any  other  city,  either 
in  this  country  or  in  Europe. 

As  the  good  sanitary  condition  of  the  city  has  a  direct 
influence  on  its  commerce,  we  at  once  see  the  immense 
importance  of  the  medical  profession  to  the  city's  wel- 
fare. When  pestilence  or  epidemics  prevail,  trade  and 
commerce  are  immediately  suspended,  and  millions  on 
millions  of  money  lost.  Then  comes  the  scientific  phy- 
sician to  the  rescue,  with  the  knowledge  which  he  has 
acquired  in  his  bacteriological  laboratory  and  his  practical 
sanitary  experience;  the  city  is  saved  and  commerce  re- 
sumes its  sway. 

After  fifty  years  of  steady  growth  in  membership,  in 
social  influence,  and  in  scientific  advancement,  the  Acad- 


1 8  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

emy  stands  to-day  an  efficient  bulwark  and  protection  to 
the  public  health,  not  alone  of  this  city  and  State,  but 
of  the  whole  country. 

A  committee  of  twenty-one  of  its  most  distinguished 
members  has  for  two  years  recommended  to  Congress 
legislation  which,  if  adopted,  would  save  thousands  of 
lives  annually,  and  eventually  stamp  out  tuberculosis  and 
certain  other  infectious  diseases  from  our  midst.  While 
the  committee  has  not  yet  succeeded  in  securing  a 
National  Board  of  Health,  it  feels  certain  that  this  re- 
form cannot  be  delayed  much  longer,  and  I  take  this 
opportunity,  on  behalf  of  the  committee,  and  of  the  Acad- 
emy itself,  to  thank  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
who  honors  us  with  his  presence  to-night,  for  the  advice 
and  support  he  gave  our  committee  at  all  times,  in  its 
efforts  to  induce  Congress  to  adopt  its  suggestions. 


The  President  then  introduced  the  orator  of  the  occa- 
sion, A.  Jacobi,  M.D.,  who  delivered  the  following  oration: 

THE  SEMI-CENTENNIAL  OF  THE  NEW  YORK 
ACADEMY   OF   MEDICINE. 

Mr.  President! 

Mr.  President  and  Fellows  of  the  Nezu  York  Academy 
of  Medicine,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  One  century  has  ex- 
panded this  nation  of  three  millions  into  its  present  popu- 
lation of  seventy.  Its  democratic  constitution  attracted 
Europeans  weary  of  class  differences,  prejudices,  and  suf- 
ferings. Liberty  and  equality,  inscribed  on  its  flag,  opened 
opportunities  to  intelligence  and  diligence,  roused  legiti- 
mate rivalry,  and  developed  inventive  genius  and  inde- 
pendence of  character.  While  inventive  genius,  coupled 
with  industry,  led  to  prosperity,  independence  of  char- 
acter found  or  fought  its  way  out  of  political  errors  or 


Address  oj  A,  Jacohij  M.D,  19 

actual  calamities,  sometimes  without,  other  times  with  the 
guidance  of  clear-headed,  unselfish,  determined,  and  con- 
sistent leaders.  But  a  young  nation  in  its  infancy  has, 
properly  speaking,  no  preconceived  designs.  It  is  like 
a  product  of  nature,  unfolding  spontaneously.  In  evolv- 
ing its  organic  life  it  rises  to  self-consciousness,  and  possi- 
bly to  the  development  of  an  ideal. 

It  was  on  the  same  democratic  basis  that  one-half  of 
a  century  ago  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  was 
founded.  But  it  differed  from  the  national  commonwealth 
in  this,  that  it  required  no  time  to  exhibit  concerted  aims 
or  definite  plans.  Nor  was  it  without  an  ideal  from  its 
beginning.  It  was  well  understood  that  our  Academy  was 
to  differ  materially  from  what  is  called  an  academy  of 
medicine  in  Europe.  A  European  academy  is  always  a 
government  institution,  in  some  way  or  other  supported 
by  centralized  national  means.  Its  members  comprise  the 
intellectual  and  sometimes  the  social  heads  of  the  pro- 
fession only.  Young  faces  are  but  seldom  seen  among 
its  fellows.  Membership  is,  as  a  rule,  obtained  after  a 
long  life  of  successful  scientific  pursuits  only.  Their  labors 
and  efforts  are  not  intended  for  practical  aims  or  objects, 
but  they  become  beneficent  by  the  action  of  that  logical 
force  which  ordains  that  there  is  no  scientific  result,  no 
truth  ever  so  abstruse,  but  will  finally  terminate  in  some 
tangible  application.  Though  all  this  be  true,  the  limita- 
tion and  exclusiveness  of  membership  results  in  a  sort  of 
aristocratic  estrangement  from  the  masses  of  the  profes- 
sion, and  still  more  from  the  community  at  large. 

The  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  has  a  broader  basis. 
The  high  and  lowly,  the  old  and  young,  the  mature  and 
^the  youthfully  ambitious,  though  they  represented  the 
most  different  and  various  types,  combined  for  the  same 
purposes. 

According  to  a  circular  issued  years  ago,  in  the  pos- 


20  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

session  of  many,  the  Academy  is  not  connected  with  any 
school  or  college.  It  is  self-supporting-,  and  carried  on 
in  the  interest  of  the  whole  profession.  There  are  no  fees 
or  emoluments  of  a  private  or  individual  nature.  It  is  a 
democratic  community,  with  equal  duties  and  rights.  It 
is  not  subsidized  by  the  State  or  municipal  corporation. 
Its  aims  are  the  elevation  of  the  profession  to  a  higher 
scientific  standard  for  increased  public  usefulness.  We 
claim  that  these  aims  concern  the  public  as  much  as  they 
do  the  profession.  Increased  scientific  attainments  on  the 
part  of  the  medical  men  of  the  country  secure  to  the  peo- 
ple great  advantages  and  more  effective  service.  Here 
it  is  that  the  interests  of  the  nation  and  of  the  profession 
meet.  Ay,  I  shall  prove  to  you  that  the  immediate  inter- 
ests of  the  whole  community  have  for  many  years  been 
uppermost  in  the  creed  and  in  the  deeds  of  the  Academy. 
Indeed,  there  is  abundance  of  evidence  to  demonstrate  that 
the  Academy  deserves  the  general  interest  and  sympathy 
exhibited  to-night  by  so  many  distinguished,  not  only  in 
society  but  in  all  the  professions,  and  in  literature  and 
science;  ay,  by  the  Chief  Magistrate  of  the  nation. 

The  history  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  as 
a  scientific  institution  is  contemporaneous  with  that  of 
modern  medicine  as  created  by  Virchow  and  the  Ger- 
man school  which  rapidly  rose  and  broadened  into  scientific 
cosmopolitanism.  In  this  wonderful  evolution  the  Acad- 
emy has  freely  participated.  It  was  fully  prepared  for 
it  by  its  ancestry.  That  ancestry  was  Anglo-Saxon  medi- 
cine, which,  since  Sydenham,  never  swerved  for  any  length 
of  time  nor  suffered  from  philosophical  theories  built  on 
clouds,  nor  from  the  chaos  of  mysticism  which  reigned 
supreme  in  a  part  of  the  European  continent  dur- 
ing the  first  half  of  this  century.  The  American  medical 
profession,  like  its  Anglo-Saxon  ancestry,  was  penetrated 
by  the  spirit  of  intelligent  scrutiny.    The  best  of  the  one 


Address  oj  A,  Jacobiy  M.D.  21 

hundred  and  eighty-four  founders  of  the  Academy  de- 
veloped it,  the  plainer  men  shared  it.  The  fifty  years  of 
its  existence  have  furnished  wonderful  proof  of  the  facile 
adaptation  of  Anglo-Saxon  clinical  empiricism  to  the 
equally  solid  results  of  modern  pathology,  histology,  and 
bacteriology. 

The  very  first  paper  printed  in  1847  for  the  Academy 
was  a  historical  sketch,  by  Pliny  Earle,  of  the  institutions 
for  the  insane  in  the  United  States  of  America.  Much 
later,  in  1861,  Parigot  read  his  paper  on  moral  insanity 
in  relation  to  criminal  acts.  The  interest  in  that  all-im- 
portant subject,  so  replete  with  dangers  both  to  the  actual 
or  alleged  criminal  and  to  human  society,  has  never  died 
out  in  the  Academy,  until  it  could  sustain  a  few  years 
ago  the  movement  to  transfer  our  insane  to  State  care, 
with  which  the  name  of  Louisa  Lee  Schuyler  will  forever 
be  indelibly  connected.  The  report  of  a  committee  upon 
the  comparative  value  of  milk  formed  from  the  slops  of 
distilleries  and  other  food,  in  1848,  was  followed  by  one 
on  solidified  milk,  in  1854,  and  another  one  on  city  milk, 
in  1859.  William  H.  Van  Buren's  and  Gurdon  Buck's 
papers  on  tracheotomy  in  croup,  and  Van  Buren's  on  hip- 
joint  amputation,  were  read  in  1850.  Valentine  Mott's 
(the  first  to  operate  for  aneurism  of  the  innominata)  re- 
marks on  the  importance  of  anaesthesia  from  chloroform 
date  from  1848;  his  case  of  aneurism  and  ligature  of  the 
left  subclavian  artery  from  185 1.  Not  long  after,  C.  E. 
Isaacs  communicated  his  original  work  on  the  structure 
and  physiology  of  the  kidney,  1856;  and  John  C.  Dalton 
his  memorable  researches  on  the  anatomy  of  the  placenta 
in  1858. 

Some  time  previously  the  accessibility  of  the  larynx  and 
bronchial  tubes  was  first  proven  in  the  Academy  by  Hor- 
ace Green;  that  was  more  than  forty  years  ago.  The 
cholera  epidemics  of  previous  times  were  the  subjects  of 


22  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

papers,  thoroughly  enjoyable  to-day,  by  John  W.  Francis. 
The  diphtheria  discussion  of  January,  i860,  was  an  in- 
centive to  observation  and  study  all  over  the  States  and 
beyond.  Gurdon  Buck  invented  his  and  our  present 
method  of  treating  femoral  fractures,  in  1861.  J.  Marion 
Sims,  whose  statue  adorns  Bryant  Park,  benefited  man- 
kind by  his  silver  sutures,  by  improved  and  by  new  opera- 
tions, and  by  many  papers  and  discussions.  John  Watson 
wrote  for  the  Academy  his  learned  history  of  medical  men 
in  ancient  times  in  1856.  On  the  floor  of  the  Academy 
J.  T.  Leaming,  after  P.  Camman  had  faciHtated  diagnosis 
by  the  double  stethoscope,  still  in  use,  taught  his  brilliant 
theories  of  the  functions  of  the  pleura  and  of  the  respira- 
tory murmurs. 

Not  long  after  (1863),  Louis  Elsberg  instructed  the  pro- 
fession in  the  topical  medication  of  the  larynx  and  neigh- 
boring organs  under  sight.  John  C.  Dalton  spoke  on 
"Vivisection,  What  it  Is,  and  What  it  Has  Accomplished," 
in  1866;  and  the  Academy  published  Robert  T.  Edes's  prize 
essay,  1869,  on  the  physiology  and  pathology  of  the  sym- 
pathetic or  gangUonic  nervous  system;  also  a  report  of 
William  C.  Roberts  on  the  causes  of  death  and  disease  in 
the  metropolis,  1868.  There  were  also  notable  discussions 
on  cholera,  on  chronic  metritis,  on  ventilation,  and  on  sani- 
tary police  in  1866,  and  the  paper  in  1867,  by  A.  C.  Post, 
on  the  curative  effects  of  blood-letting.  There  were  con- 
tributions by  Willard  Parker,  Alonzo  Clark,  Austin  Flint, 
and  a  host  of  others,  whose  names  will  not  be  forgotten, 
though  they  be  not  mentioned  here.  For  it  cannot  be 
my  intention  to  review  all  the  Academy  has  accomplished 
during  its  lifetime.  What  I  have  told  you  refers  to  those 
whose  faces  and  voices  are  known  to  our  memories  only. 
Indeed,  while  I  was  glancing  over  the  sacred  list  of  the 
one  hundred  and  eighty-four  founders,  my  eye  was  ar- 
rested by  at  least  forty  names  of  men  who,  by  original 


Address  of  A.  Jacohiy  M.D,  23 

investigations  and  contributions,  have  deserved  well  of  the 
science  and  art  of  medicine. 

As  to  those  still  living,  a  single  allusion  must  suffice. 
One  of  the  later  great  results  of  academic  work  was  the 
memorable  discussion  on  intubation  of  the  larynx  in  croup, 
on  June  2,  1887.  It  followed  the  discoverer's  long-contin- 
ued labors  and  his  paper  on  ''Intubation  versus  Trache- 
otomy," and  carried  the  renown  and  influence  of  American 
ingenuity  all  over  the  globe.  Let  me  also  mention  the 
debates  of  last  year  on  the  diphtheria  antitoxin,  which 
have  contributed  much  to  the  study  and  dissemination 
of  the  employment  of  that  beneficent  antidote. 

Such  are  the  method  and  line  of  work  by  which  this 
American  institution  has  exhibited  its  power,  enlarged  its 
sphere  of  influence,  and  rivalled  the  countries  of  old 
Europe.  Such  is  the  kind  of  competition  that  is  bid  a  hearty 
welcome  all  over  the  world.  That  is  the  only  kind  of 
interference  with  and  combination  against  Europe  which, 
without  collision,  but  with  co-operation,  is  worthy  of  the 
great  American  people.  There  is  your  reciprocity  with- 
out a  treaty,  indeed,  not  only  reciprocity  of  mutual  giving 
and  taking,  but  the  proof  of  intellectual  solidarity  and 
fraternity  of  civilized  mankind. 

The  distinctive  feature,  however,  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  as  a  peculiarly  American  institu- 
tion, is  not  its  merely  scientific  work.  This  it  has  in  com- 
mon with  similar  organizations  in  monarchical  countries. 
Its  characteristic  superiority  consists  in  this,  that  it  is  com- 
posed of  citizens.  The  American  is  or  ought  to  be  the 
''soon  politikon,''  the  political  creature  of  Aristotle,  a  co- 
operative cell  in  the  organism  of  society.  From  that 
point  of  view  let  me  glance  over  the  fields  on  which  you 
will  find  the  members  of  this  association  in  full  activity; 
let  me  indicate  what  they  are  doing  for  you  individually 
as  practitioners;  for  you  as  a  community  as  sanitarians. 


24  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

to  the  utter  neglect  of  self-interest;  let  me  also  show  the 
relation  of  the  Academy  to  its  own  members  and  to  other 
scientific  bodies.  Finally,  let  me  consider  what  it  and  you 
combined  may  be  capable  of  achieving  for  the  future  of 
medicine  and  of  mankind. 

As  practitioners,  the  members  of  the  profession,  acade- 
micians and  others,  have  amply  satisfied  the  reasonable 
expectations  of  the  sick  in  the  community.  In  former 
times  almost  every  man,  the  most  illustrious  surgeon  of 
the  day  not  excepted,  was  a  general  practitioner.  Special- 
ists were  not  so  numerous  as  they  are  to-day;  indeed,  there 
existed  but  few.  These  were  men  of  ripe,  general  expe- 
rience, who  would  confine  their  work  to  a  special  organ 
or  line  of  practice.  When  medical  science  broadened  out 
and  its  progress  depended  on  thoroughly  specialistic  study 
and  research,  the  big  old  tree  divided  up  into  branches 
and  branchlets;  and  in  the  practice  of  medicine  the  num- 
ber of  specialists,  both  mature  and  immature,  justifiable 
or  otherwise,  increased  almost  incredibly.  Time  will  be 
demanded  to  correct  the  mistakes  and  incongruities  of 
overgrowth.  Meanwhile,  I  am  glad  to  be  able  to  assure 
you  that  general  practitioners  still  exist,  and  also  that 
many  specialists,  known  or  unknown,  as  the  case  may  be, 
have  not  ceased  to  be  doctors.  You  know  them  well  and 
intimately.  Your  doctor  is  summoned  night  or  day,  by 
your  servant,  or  your  telegram,  or  telephone.  You  order, 
there  he  is.  He  is  expected  to  aid  you  with  therapeutical 
and  other  means — therapos  means  servant;  and  to  cure — 
the  very  word  means  care.  If  ever  there  is  a  class  of 
persons  who  deserve  to  be  decorated  with  the  device  ''Ich 
dien"  "I  serve,"  it  is  your  doctor.  He  must  not  know, 
he  does  not  know,  the  difference  between  night  and  day. 
With  doleful  jealousy  he  might  hear  of  the  efforts  of 
philosophers,  philanthropists,  statesmen,  and  even  of  poli- 
ticians, in  favor  of  an  eight-hour  or  ten-hour  day.    He  is 


Address  of  A.  Jacobi,  M.D.  25 

expected  and  willing  to  work  indefinitely  to  lighten  some- 
body's burden,  like  sun,  or  moon,  or  stars,  that  know  of  no 
rest.  If  anybody,  your  doctor  is  not  the  lily  in  the  field 
that  does  not  spin. 

The  same  doctor  goes  a  few  streets  to  a  hospital  or  to 
a  dispensary.  There  he  serves  the  poor,  or  the  alleged 
poor.  One  of  the  hundreds  of  necessary  and  unnecessary 
institutions  of  the  kind  with  which  different  grades  of 
exigency,  or  philanthropy,  or  officiousness,  or  greed,  or 
the  wants  of  a  teaching  institution,  have  suppHed  the  city 
claims  his  service.  He  meets  the  poor  and  also  those  who 
don  the  clothing  of  their  servants  to  appear  poor,  some- 
times those  who  leave  their  carriage  and  footman  around 
the  corner.  He  must  not  complain.  He  has  heard  of  the 
woman  in  the  Gospel  who,  before  she  appHed  to  the  Mas- 
ter Healer,  is  said  to  have  "suffered  many  things  from 
the  physicians";  and  concludes  that  the  time  has  now  come 
when  the  physician  is  to  suffer  from  the  many.  Thus  he 
aids,  though  ever  so  unwiUingly,  in  robbing  himself  and 
his  professional  brethren,  and  in  demoralizing  and  pauper- 
izing a  goodly  part  of  the  community.  That  is  another 
unwelcome  outgrowth  of  modern  science  and  phi- 
lanthropy, to  correct  which  time  and  thought,  and  the  co- 
operation of  the  profession  and  the  public,  are  urgently 
demanded. 

Thus  he  works  on  and  on.  It  is  but  a  few  weeks  ago 
that  an  old  practitioner  told  me  of  his  life.  It  was  all 
work  and  never  so  much  as  a  vacation.  Exhausted  he 
was  at  night,  tired  in  the  morning.  He  lived  on  the  stimu- 
lants of  duty  performed,  and  on  the  intellectual  and 
moral  interest  he  took  in  his  work,  complaining  only  that 
he  could  not  do  it  to  his  own  satisfaction.  Perhaps  some 
of  you  remember  having  gazed  at  a  statue  in  Munich. 
It  represents  a  youth  climbing  upward,  passing  disdain- 
fully the  golden  calf  to  attain  what  he  evidently  believes 


26  The  Seini-Centennial  Celebration 

to  be  a  crown  of  laurel  in  the  hands  of  the  goddess.  What 
he  finally  snatches  is  a  crown  of  thorns.  Still  he  climbs, 
maybe  to  reach  the  stars,  to  which  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson 
bids  us  hitch  our  wagons.  In  spite  of  failures,  I  say  to 
my  young  friends,  hitch  your  wagon  to  the  stars.  Not 
everybody  falls  like  Icarus,  and  the  horizon  enlarges  from 
the  heights.  This  your  horizon,  let  it  be  vast;  unless  it 
be  so,  both  the  morals  and  the  science  and  art  of  medicine 
will  suffer.  It  is  from  that  point  of  view  also  that  I  exhort 
my  friends,  either  pure  scientists  or  practitioners,  never 
to  forget  that  there  is  no  antagonism  between  the  two 
classes.  The  time  is  past,  and  partly  through  the  efforts 
of  your  Academy,  when  the  pure  scientist  looked  upon 
practice  as  inferior,  and  the  practitioner  on  pure  science 
as  beyond  the  pale  and  unpractical.  Helmholtz,  than 
whom  this  century  has  produced  no  more  intense  worker 
in  pure  science,  proclaimed  that  mere  knowledge  is  not 
the  aim  of  man ;  that  you  may  dignify  it  in  two  ways  only, 
either  by  applying  or  by  enlarging  it.  Knowledge  with- 
out its  application  in  the  service  of  mankind,  is  like  a 
Hbrary  without  readers,  a  museum  without  visitors,  a  sym- 
phony without  hearers.  Apply  what  you  know  and  daily 
learn  in  the  community's  service.  Do  not  forget  that  there 
is  no  power  more  worth  possessing  and  inestimable  than 
life  and  health.  That  truth  is  certainly  in  the  minds  of 
the  American  public,  misguided  though  it  be,  when  it  feels 
like  paying  $200,000,000  annually  for  proprietary  drugs. 
Nor  should  you  be  discouraged  by  what  Pliny  said  and 
others  credulously  accept:  ''Say  you  are  a  physician,  and 
you  will  be  believed.  Detract  from  your  neighbor,  and  you 
will  be  considered  superior."  Mind  what  you  may  have 
read  over  the  gate  of  a  Swiss  hospital,  ''Res  sacra  miser.'* 
So  your  community,  when  in  danger  of  health  or  life,  is 
''res  sacra''  to  you. 

What  has  the  Academy  done  for  its  members?    As  a 


Address  oj  A.  Jacobi,  M.D,  27 

previous  practice  of  three  years  in  the  city  is  required  of 
a  candidate,  and  the  scrutiny  of  the  committee  on  admis- 
sion is  always  painstaking  and  fearless,  the  average  stand- 
ing and  proficiency  of  the  fellows  is  high  and  their  moral 
tone  elevated.  The  committee  on  ethics  of  former  de- 
cades has,  therefore,  been  abolished,  together  with  the 
abrogation  of  the  official  code.  No  authoritative  body  of 
rules  is  required  or  recognized  in  place  of  the  unwritten 
law  of  gentlemen.  Alleged  cases  of  transgression  are  rele- 
gated to  the  decision  of  the  Council,  but  none  was  required 
for  years.  In  the  Academy  of  Medicine  there  are  no  pro- 
fessional politics.  It  is  considered  neutral  ground,  and  the 
differences  of  schools,  cliques,  and  combinations  are  sup- 
posed to  be  left  behind  when  a  fellow  passes  the  entrance 
gate.  Still,  we  are  not  all  angels.  That  secret  will  come 
out  some  day,  and  may  as  well  be  whispered  in  public. 
That  is  why  questions  beyond  the  domain  of  the  Academy 
are,  however,  forced  in  sometimes.  That  is  to  be  deplored. 
Battle-fields  there  are  as  many  in  New  York  City  as  in 
the  Virginia  Wilderness,  or  about  Lake  George  or  ancient 
Rome;  but  Rome  had  its  temples  of  Vesta  and  Peace.  Let 
the  profession  of  New  York  remember  and  revere  the 
Academy  as  the  one  temple  of  safety,  impartiality,  and 
neutrality. 

To  none  has  the  Academy  been  of  more  service  than 
to  the  younger  members.  To  become  fellows  after  a  fair 
examination  of  their  claims  to  admission  is  in  itself  an 
honor  and  improves  their  standing.  Besides,  all  of  the 
eleven  sections  have  been  in  working  order  these  twelve 
years.  That  means  that  eleven  times  as  many  fellows 
found  a  direct  encouragement  for  work,  both  in  private 
and  in  public.  In  the  section  meetings,  the  future  officers 
of  the  Academy  and  teachers  of  the  profession  find  a  new 
incentive  to  labor  and  research,  and  are  always  certain  of 
an  appreciative  audience. 


28  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

Our  relations  to  the  public  at  large  and  to  the  city  and 
State  have  frequently  been  the  subject  of  discussion.  You 
may  have  been  told  that  we  demand  special  class  legisla- 
tion. If  that  were  true,  we,  democratic  American  citi- 
zens, should  be  on  the  level  of  German  students  before 
they  were  deprived  of  their  clannish  jurisdiction,  or  of  the 
Prussian  military  officer,  whose  morale  is  based  on  his 
sword,  and  sense  of  justice  on  the  prerogatives  of  his  de- 
generate nobility.  In  a  few  words,  the  public  may  learn 
the  attempts  on  the  part  of  the  profession  to  secure  a  so- 
called  special  legislation.  These  twenty  years  we  have 
been  fighting  in  Albany  for  a  preliminary  education  of 
matriculants,  also  for  State  examinations  as  a  condition 
upon  which  alone  the  license  to  practise  should  be 
awarded.  We,  the  Academy,  in  conjunction  with  the  rest 
of  the  profession,  have  worked  to  increase  the  duration 
and  the  number  of  college  courses.  The  profession,  par- 
ticularly as  it  is  represented  in  the  Medical  Society  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  has  secured  laws  against  quackery, 
and  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York  has 
undertaken  to  extinguish  it  in  this  city.  This  committee 
sacrifices  its  time,  and  the  society  its  own  money,  to  com- 
bat frauds,  quacks,  and  diploma  mills.  That  does  not  look 
like  class  egotism.  You  should  admit  it  is  something 
entirely  different  unless  you  wish  a  low  grade  of  knowl- 
edge in  your  medical  advisers. 

Your  Academy  and  your  profession  were  ever  of  the 
opinion  that  there  must  be  no  free  trade  in  human  flesh. 
Many  of  your  old  doctors  were  abohtionists  when  this 
nation  was  still  disgraced  by  slavery.  All  of  the  old  and 
young  members  who  are  imbued  with  respect  for  human 
Hfe  and  health,  and  with  the  sense  of  their  own  responsi- 
bility, have  combined  to  do  your  fighting,  the  com- 
munity's fighting,  against  the  dangers  of  quackery.  It 
is  not  the  existence  of  the  profession,  it  is  the  safety  of 


Address  oj  A.  Jacohij  M.D.  29 

you,  the  public,  that  is  enhanced  by  your  special  legisla- 
tion. Two  things  I  have  been  told:  sometimes  one  was 
that,  no  matter  how  low  the  standard  of  medical  men  was 
in  some  parts  of  the  country,  they  were  always  superior 
to  their  community;  the  other  word  was,  doctors  were 
generally  better  than  the  public  deserved  or  deserves.  You 
can  prove  that  such  is  not  the  case  by  co-operating  with 
your  doctors.  We  beg  of  you,  we  insist  upon  it,  that 
you  and  your  delegates,  the  legislators  in  Albany,  may 
continue  to  protect  you  and  yours  from  the  inroads  of 
charlatanry  and  ignorance.  Do  not  forget,  however,  I 
speak  here  of  the  battle  against  positive  ignorance,  as- 
sumption, and  downright  illegal  quackery. 

The  Academy  does  neither  recognize  nor  fear,  as  in 
times  long  gone  by,  isms  and  sects,  and  for  that  very 
reason  does  not  propose  to  war  against  them  or  even  to 
denounce  them.  In  its  whole  history  of  the  last  quarter 
of  a  century  and  perhaps  longer,  I  fail  to  read  of  a  case 
of  persecution  of  a  man  or  of  a  body  of  men  directed 
against  their  scientific  principles  or  prejudices.  Moreover, 
to  discuss  honest  scientific  errors,  alleged  or  real,  in  an 
inimical  spirit  is  to  endow  them  with  new  life.  If  there 
was  animosity,  it  has  been  dying  fast.  Not  that  I  mean 
to  say  that  the  medical  world  was  always  just.  Semmel- 
weiss,  who  was  driven  by  his  alleged  peers  into  an  insane 
asylum  because  he  preached  and  practised  upon  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  contagion  of  puerperal  fever,  about  the  same 
time  that  our  own  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  wrote  his  won- 
derful essay  on  the  same  subject,  or  our  own  Atlee,  who 
was  vilified  and  harassed  because  of  his  leading  in  an 
operation  that  at  present  is  of  daily  occurrence,  are  evi- 
dences of  shortsightedness  and  impressibility.  Still,  after 
having  observed  and  co-operated  with  the  profession  in  this 
city  these  forty-three,  and  with  the  Academy  of  Medicine 
these  forty  years,  I  know,  though  errors  may  have  crept 


30  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

in,  that  none  but  the  purest  and  most  altruistic  motives 
have  governed  the  actions  of  the  profession.  Least  of  all 
is  Herbert  Spencer  correct  when  he  says  that  "the  in- 
corporation of  authorized  practitioners  has  developed  a 
trades-union  spirit  which  leads  to  jealousy  of  the  unincor- 
porated practitioners,  that  is,  the  irregulars;  and,  like  the 
religious  priesthood,  the  priesthood  of  medicine  persecutes 
heretics  and  those  who  are  without  diplomas."  I  trust  the 
great  philosopher's  sympathy  with  heretics  and  those  who 
are  without  diplomas  will  never  revenjsfe  itself  upon  him 
and  his  health. 

Great  questions  of  the  day  have  always  inspired  the 
medical  profession.  Both  old  Socrates  and  modern  Kant 
expected  the  light  pre-eminently  from  medicine.  It  is 
true  that  in  the  politics  of  our  country  we  have  but  few 
medical  combatants,  compared  with  the  good  done  by 
medical  statesmen  in  Europe;  but  that  of  Benjamin  Rush 
outweighs  many  names  not  belonging  to  his  and  our  pro- 
fession; and  until  the  latest  time  physicians  have  partici- 
pated in  your  reform  movements.  The  Committee  of 
Seventy  of  1872  had  among  its  most  active  members  one 
of  the  most  prominent  men  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine  ever  counted  among  its  own,  Ernst  Krackowizer. 
In  public  concerns  the  Academy  was  always  interested. 
It  took  the  initiative  in  many  movements,  the  realization 
of  which  had  long  to  wait.  Medical  school  inspection, 
inaugurated  just  now,  was  urged  by  the  profession  in  open 
meetings  twenty-five  years  ago,  and  again  by  members 
of  the  Academy  half  a  dozen  years  ago.  The  Willard 
Parker  Hospital  was  planned  and  its  organization  pushed 
by  a  member  of  the  Academy.  Again  it  was  a  fellow  of 
the  Academy  who  renewed,  if  not  instigated,  the  agitation 
for  the  new  factory  laws  in  behalf  of  women  and  children 
in  1882.  Clean  streets,  or  rather,  muddy  and  unhealthy 
streets,   also   the  tenement-house   question,   also  school- 


Address  of  A,  Jacobi,  M.D,  31 

houses,  and  the  reception  hospital,  were  the  subjects  of 
many  debates.  It  was  a  committee  appointed,  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  Board  of  Health,  which  originally  started  in 
the  Academy,  and  which,  under  the  leadership  of  C.  R. 
Agnew,  whose  mind  and  heart  have  immortalized  him 
in  the  memory  of  those  who  were  so  fortunate  as  to  live 
and  work  with  him,  reformed  the  quarantine  of  the  port 
of  New  York,  and  elaborated  the  plans  and  estimates  ac- 
cording to  which  the  Legislature  finally  restored  Hoff- 
man and  Swinburne  Islands  to  their  present  condition. 
Another  committee  of  the  Academy  looked  after  the 
Croton  water  and  the  water-shed. 

It  was  through  a  committee  of  the  Academy  that  medi- 
cal inspection  of  the  eyes  of  all  the  inmates  was  intro- 
duced in  public  institutions.  If  that  practice  were  contin- 
ued conscientiously,  and  attention  to  the  eyes  of  the  newly 
born  suffering  from  the  same  contagious  ophthalmia  were 
made  compulsory,  there  would  be  many  vacancies  in  our 
future  blind  asylums. 

The  Academy's  efforts,  joining  those  of  other  medical 
bodies  of  the  land  in  favor  of  the  establishment  of  a 
National  Board  of  Health,  were,  however,  not  successful. 
They  will  prove  so  in  future.  For  just  as  certainly  as  this 
nation  means  to  continue  "now  and  forever,  one  and  in- 
separable," its  most  sacred  boons,  viz.,  health  and  life, 
interdependent  as  they  are  over  the  vast  area  of  the  coun- 
try, should  be  secured  by  uniform  legislation.  It  was  the 
Academy  of  Medicine,  again,  which  was  called  upon  to 
protect  the  port  and  the  city  against  the  invasion  of 
cholera.  That  was  four  years  ago — a  long  time,  perhaps, 
for  republican  memories;  but  it  is  not  forgotten  that  the 
committee  men,  though  among  the  busiest  of  the  city, 
were  always  at  their  post;  that  their  efforts  were  success- 
ful and  at  that  time  appreciated;  that  they  aided  in  keep- 
ing cholera  out,  and,  at  the  same  time,  protected  the  com- 


32  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

mercial  interests  of  the  country.  We  trust  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce  has  not  forgotten  its  own  estimation,  as 
then  expressed,  of  the  Academy's  services.  Nor  have  the 
poor  of  this  city,  and  of  others  that  imitated  its  example, 
a  reason  to  forget  the  Academy.  The  agitation  for  the 
estabHshment  of  free  public  baths  was  begun  by  one  of 
its  fellows  in  1890,  and  has  resulted  in  the  erection  of  four 
such  institutions.  Two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  people 
availed  themselves  of  the  opportunities  thus  offered  in  a 
single  year. 

The  responsibility  toward  both  the  public  and  the  pro- 
fession was  always  deeply  felt  by  the  Academy.  Its  library 
is  free  to  the  whole  profession,  fellows  or  not,  and  to  the 
public  at  large.  Besides  medical  works,  it  has  many  of  in- 
terest to  the  legal  profession.  By  both  it  will  be  readily 
admitted  that  there  are  more  useful  and  more  congenial 
relations  between  them  than  when  they  meet  in  a  court 
of  justice,  where  the  medical  man,  clad  with  the  mantle 
of  partisan  expertship  or  expert  partisanship,  does  not 
shine  to  advantage,  and  is  apt  to  contribute  less  to  the 
honor  and  dignity  of  his  profession  than  to  the  miscar- 
riage of  justice. 

The  Academy's  hospitality  is  constantly  exhibited  in 
the  cases  of  the  numerous  national  medical  societies  which 
convene  gratis  under  our  roof.  The  Society  for  the  Relief 
of  Widows  and  Orphans  of  Medical  Men,  the  Saturday 
and  Sunday  Hospital  Association,  the  Ladies'  Protective 
Health  Association,  are  made  welcome  on  the  same  condi- 
tions. 

The  Academy  is  recognized  as  their  head  centre  by 
other  medical  societies  which  cluster  around  it.  It  is  in 
its  section  rooms  or  in  Hosack  Hall  where  they  hold  their 
regular  meetings;  one  at  least  gave  up  its  independent  or- 
ganization to  become  a  section  of  the  Academy.  It  can- 
not be  avoided,  however,  that  the  generosity  of  the  Acad- 


Address  of  A,  JacoU,  M.D,  33 

emy  is  occasionally  abused.  Now  and  then  we  hear  of 
desirable  men  who  refuse  to  join  and  pay  the  annual  con- 
tribution, on  the  plea  that  without  personal  membership 
they  enjoy  the  privileges  of  those  who  pay  their  dues,  that 
is,  access  to  the  building,  the  meetings,  the  papers,  and 
the  free  library  and  reading  room.  Such  occurrences  do 
not  prove  much,  while  exhibiting  the  broad-mindedness  of 
the  Academy,  except  the  occasional  presence  in  the  medi- 
cal ranks  of  selfish  men.  Fate  made  a  mistake  when  it 
admitted  them  to  American  citizenship  and  to  a  liberal 
vocation.  Membership  in  a  profession  is  by  itself  not  suffi- 
cient to  ennoble  a  man;  it  is  the  noble  man  who  adorns 
and  exalts  his  profession. 

Nor  do  the  academicians  confine  their  labor  to  their 
own  institution  or  to  the  city.  There  is  no  national  asso- 
ciation in  which  they  are  not  interested  and  co-operating. 
It  was  a  fellow  of  the  Academy  who  established  a  section 
for  diseases  of  children  in  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. Its  members  are  largely  represented  in  the  Asso- 
ciation of  American  Physicians,  and  in  the  American 
Surgical,  Paediatric,  Climatological,  Gynaecological,  and 
other  societies.  In  the  transatlantic  congresses,  the  Brit- 
ish Medical  Association,  and  the  international  medical 
congresses,  their  names  are  frequently  met  with. 

What  I  could  say,  fragmentary  though  it  be,  should 
have  convinced  you  that  the  best  individual  and  collective 
efforts  of  the  profession,  as  represented  in  the  Academy, 
are  being  spent  in  the  service  of  the  community.  In  the 
same  degree  that  the  intellectual  and  scientific  develop- 
ment of  medicine  and  of  the  profession  has  been  progress- 
ing, that  service  became  more  valuable.  Now,  on  all  your 
lips  I  am  reading  the  question:  What  can  the  community 
do  for  the  science  and  art  and  the  profession  of  medicine, 
and  particularly  for  that  of  the  city? 

The   monarchies   of   Europe,   particularly   continental 


34  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

Europe,  have  had  medical  schools  these  five  hundred 
years;  in  this  century  their  number  increased.  The  facili- 
ties for  teaching  and  learning  were  enlarged.  In  the  last 
twenty-five  years  laboratories  and  clinics  and  libraries 
grew  steadily  with  growing  demands.  The  professors  are 
salaried,  their  future  is  secured  by  pensions,  their  inci- 
dental expenses  are  paid,  their  lives  are  allowed  to  be 
dedicated  exclusively  to  scientific  research;  for  they  and 
their  children  will  not  go  hungry.  All  this  is  done  with- 
out individual  exertion  or  contributions.  No  matter 
whether  wars  crippled  the  means  of  the  people,  or  whether 
militarism  sucked  the  marrow  of  the  land,  or  the  sterile 
soil  did  not  even  feed  the  mostly  agricultural  population, 
the  universities  were  provided  for  more  or  less  generously 
by  the  government,  at  public  expense. 

With  us  the  community  is  its  own  providence.  The 
democratic  citizens  are  their  own  sovereigns,  and  their 
means  permit  them  to  give  way  to  their  generosity. 
Schools,  churches,  nurseries,  hospitals,  libraries,  have  been 
its  main  beneficiaries.  Medicine,  however,  has  not  yet 
received  its  full  share.  Still  the  benefactor  of  Johns  Hop- 
kins University  and  Hospital,  the  New  York  family  that 
erected  and  endowed  college  buildings,  laboratories,  and 
hospitals  for  a  medical  school,  the  donors  of  the  Carnegie 
and  the  Loomis  laboratories,  the  founder  of  the  Pepper 
Laboratory  in  Philadelphia,  and  of  the  Bender  Laboratory 
of  Hygiene  in  Albany,  have  accomplished  exactly  and 
often  most  generously,  what  is  carried  out  by  the  sacrifices 
and  exertions  of  whole  monarchies.  Again,  only  a  week 
ago,  we  learned  of  the  offer  of  $1,000,000,  made  by  a 
fellow-citizen,  to  whom  our  Academy  also  is  under  obHga- 
tions  for  powerful  aid,  for  purposes  both  of  relief  and 
instruction.  You  call  that  "royal"?  No,  ladies  and  gen- 
tlemen, that  is  not  royal;  it  is  the  spirit  of  republican  citi- 
zenship, dreamt  by  a  Plato,  realized  by  an  American.  Nor 


Address  of  A.  Jacobi,  M.D,  35 

am  I  disposed  to  forget  what  we,  the  New  York  Academy 
of  Medicine,  owe  to  the  New  York  public.  It  is  with  its 
spontaneous  and  valuable  aid  that  we  were  enabled  to 
erect  the  spacious  and  commodious  building  in  which  we 
hope  to  meet  you  again  to-night.  Though  I  am  forbidden 
to  mention  the  names  of  the  living,  I  cannot  abstain  from 
recalling  the  ample  bequest  of  the  late  Celine  B.  Hosack. 
It  is  to  that  liberality  of  the  community  that  we  have 
again  appealed  lately  in  our  efforts  to  raise  our  library  fund 
to  $100,000.  The  response  elicited  thus  far  appears  to 
justify  our  hope  of  attaining  our  ends  in  the  nearest  future; 
it  certainly  proves  that  a  generous  public  appreciates  the 
additional  factors  of  learning  and  erudition  in  its  skilled 
medical  advisers. 

Nor  does  the  Academy  appeal  to  you  in  its  own  behalf 
only.  Every  advance  in  the  standard  of  medical  educa- 
tion is  a  new  ally  to  the  Academy.  The  medical  schools 
need  endowments,  like  ourselves.  Medical  teachers  are 
not  rich;  they  should  not  be  expected  or  made  to  look  for 
a  livelihood  to  the  fees  obtained  from  the  students;  that 
is  a  fact  now  acknowledged,  and  an  ideal  realized  in  the 
medical  department  of  Columbia  University.  Laboratories 
of  hygiene,  chemistry,  physics,  botany,  biology,  should 
not  be  supported  by  the  contributions  of  medical  men  only, 
or  perhaps  not  at  all.  What  monarchy  is  in  the  old  world, 
that  is  democratic  in  the  new,  namely,  the  evidence  and 
representation  of  the  condition  of  its  political  and  moral 
civilization?  Hospitals  you  have  built  in  large  numbers, 
and  in  some  instances  more  than  required,  and  still  some 
more  are  demanded.  No  scholar  is  imaginable  without 
a  library,  no  anatomist  without  a  dissecting-room  and  a 
museum,  no  chemist  or  physicist  or  physiologist  without 
experimentation,  no  medical  graduate  \vho  is  to  practise 
on  you  and  yours  without  instruction  in  a  clinical  hospital 
intimately  connected  with  the  medical  school,  and  situated 


3^  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

on  or  near  its  grounds.  Imagine,  mothers,  that  every  year 
hundreds  of  men  and  women  begin  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine without  ever  having  seen  a  baby  sick  in  bed. 

There  is  many  another  way  in  which  the  community 
may  render  itself  useful  to  the  medical  profession.  See 
to  it  that  no  personal  interest,  vanity,  or  misapprehension 
interfere  with  the  progress  of  medicine.  It  is  through  our 
own  efforts  that  we  overcame  the  lack  of  knowledge  on 
the  part  of  legislators,  and  the  opposition  of  medical 
schools,  when  we  enforced  a  certain  amount  of  preliminary 
education  and  the  establishment  of  State  examinations. 
See  that  these  your  gains,  for  they  are  yours,  be  not  taken 
away  from  you;  they  were  conquered  in  your  behalf.  See 
that  scientific  study  and  progress  are  not  shorn  of  their 
prerogatives,  that  is,  experimentation,  and  that  your  legis- 
lators are  not  influenced  except  by  facts.  When,  for  in- 
stance, agitators  speak  to  you  of  the  cruelties  of  vivi- 
section, remember  that  they  select  that  hard  word  in  order 
to  conceal  what  it  means,  that  is,  animal  experimentation, 
which  is  already  secured  and  protected  against  barbarous- 
ness  and  cruelty  by  a  well-adjusted  and  satisfactory  law, 
that  was  passed  by  former  legislatures  and  ought  to  be 
left  intact.  Tell  them  also  that  you  know  that  the  action 
of  many  therapeutical  remedies  useful  to  them  and  their 
children  could  be  studied  by  animal  experimentation 
only;  that  one  of  the  most  formidable  calamities  of  former 
times,  the  terror  of  every  woman  who  was  to  become  a 
mother,  childbed  fever,  has  been  reduced  to  the  very  low- 
est figure  wherever  the  teachings  of  animal  experimenta- 
tion have  been  headed;  that  hydrophobia,  always  fatal, 
has  been  made  accessible  to  treatment  with  at  least  fair 
results;  that  tuberculosis  may  be  and  is  in  part  confined 
within  certain  limits;  that  the  prevention  of  cholera,  even 
that  of  the  plague,  is  no  longer  a  dream;  that  the  mortality 
of  diphtheria  is  reduced  to  nearly  one-half  of  what  it  was; 


Address  of  A.  Jacobiy  M.D,  37 

that  quite  certainly  the  future  therapeutics  of  scarlet  fever, 
measles,  typhoid  fever,  and  other  scourges  of  mankind 
will  be  based  on  antitoxins;  that  the  success  of  surgical 
operations  under  the  influence  of  antisepsis  and  asepsis 
is  simply  marvellous;  and  that  all  these  blessings  are  the 
direct  result  of  animal  experimentation.  Tell  them  also 
that  the  horse  or  sheep  that  furnishes  the  antitoxin  which 
is  to  save  American  children  does  not  even  suffer,  and  if 
it  comes  to  the  worst,  if  rabbits  and  guinea-pigs  have  to 
be  sacrificed  by  humane  men  armed  with  skill  and  anaes- 
thesia, that  the  future  ought  to  belong  as  much  to  man- 
kind, ay,  more  to  mankind,  than  to  rabbits  and  guinea- 
pigs,  or  to  those  animals  that  you  hunt  over  fences  and 
brooks,  and,  with  the  permission  of  the  law,  shoot  to  death 
amidst  the  excited  laughter  of  sport,  but  pretend  to  shed 
tears  over,  when  science  tries  to  fathom  new  wonders,  to 
establish  more  firmly  the  foundations  of  health  and  life 
for  old  and  young,  and  to  discover  new  means  of  salvation 
for  this  republic  and  mankind. 

In  what  I  state  I  identify  the  demands  of  the  profession 
at  large  and  of  medical  science  with  those  of  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine.  Ours  is  ''Una  fides,  altare 
commune"  one  faith  and  a  common  altar.  That  shibboleth 
you  will  find  is  the  sole  inscription  on  our  home  in  Forty- 
third  Street.  What  you  will  do  for  one  you  will  be  doing 
for  all.  Whatever  you  do,  you  will  contribute  to  the  medi- 
cine of  the  present  and  of  the  future,  and  to  the  great 
work  in  store  for  it.  We  know  that  it  is  levity  only  that 
makes  empty  hypotheses,  sometimes,  unfortunately,  even 
laws;  that  much  labor,  however,  and  hard  work  are  re- 
quired to  obtain  great  results.  In  all  humility,  but  with 
earnestness,  medical  men  tender  you  their  labor  in  practice, 
in  hospitals,  on  the  teachers*  platform,  in  the  laboratories. 
What  they  expect  and  look  forward  to  is  appreciation,  not 
of  the  individual,  but  of  the  aggregate  work,  and  co- 


38  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration    ' 

operation  on  the  part  of  the  public,  for  the  immediate 
results  of  our  work  are  at  the  same  time  humane  and 
practical.  The  reduction  in  your  death-rate  of  one  in  a 
thousand  means,  beyond  the  saving  of  one  life,  a  lower- 
ing of  more  than  thirty  in  the  total  number  of  cases  of 
sickness,  and  therewith  prevention  of  much  anxiety, 
wretchedness,  and  financial  loss  or  ruin  in  as  many  families. 
Results  like  these  are  liable  to  be  accepted  as  natural; 
they  are  claimed,  as  it  were,  as  the  normal  appendages 
of  modern  civilization.  It  should  not  be  forgotten,  how- 
ever, that  they  are  obtained  only  by  the  work  of  medical 
men  who  labor  for  the  good  they  can  do,  often  as  hermits, 
unknown,  and  unappreciated,  always  bent  upon  the 
diminution  of  the  number  of  problems  which  hitherto  were 
deemed  hopeless.  The  medical  searcher  is  like  the  astron- 
omer who  differentiates  in  nebulous  distances  stars  big 
and  small,  luminous  and  dark,  fixed  and  migrating.  More 
than  any  other  man,  he  spies  for  the  relation  and  con- 
nection of  things  and  phenomena,  and  becomes  the  true 
philosopher  and  physician,  who  was  called  godlike  by  a 
great  poet  three  thousand  years  ago. 

Much  of  what  I  touched  upon  has  been,  or  is  being, 
accomplished.  The  rapidly  increasing  facilities  of  investi- 
gation have  changed  the  methods  and  aspects  of  modern 
medicine  to  such  an  extent  as  to  make  me  anxious  to 
know  what  the  orator  of  the  next  semi-centennial  cele- 
bration will  have  to  say  to  you.  Part  of  it  I  know,  and 
you  will  know  it  too  when  I  beg  you  to  consider  with  me 
during  the  last  minute  of  my  address  the  possibilities  and 
the  certainties  of  medicine.  Its  methods  of  investigation 
will  never  be  changed,  for  they  have  become  those  of 
natural  science,  and  these,  because  they  are  based  on  ob- 
servation and  experimentation,  are  unalterable.  Indeed, 
medicine  is  a  part  of  the  natural  sciences;  the  human  or- 
ganism, well  and  sick,  physical  and  spiritual,  is  the  subject 


Address  0}  A,  Jacobi,  M.D,  39 

of  its  scrutiny.  Man's  nature,  both  normal  and  abnormal, 
belongs  to  the  domain  of  medical  inquiry.  Psychology 
has  for  some  time  past  become  a  branch  of  physiology. 
The  sound  mind,  its  aberrations  and  freaks,  the  soul  with 
its  holiness  or  turpitude,  no  matter  whether  considered 
by  the  believing  philosopher  or  the  searching  materialist, 
are  topics  of  biological  study.  The  explanation  and  rela- 
tions of  most  intimate  physical  and  psychical  processes 
are  sought  for,  will  always  be  sought  for,  by  the  sanitarian, 
the  teacher,  the  clergyman,  the  judge,  the  statesman.  It 
is  in  medicine  that  they  will  find  them.  The  time  will 
soon  come  when  the  culture  of  a  nation  will  be  estimated 
according  to  the  mutual  relations  of  medicine  and  the 
people. 

Is  this  an  ideal?  It  is,  but  no  Utopia.  Indeed,  much  of 
what  was  an  ideal  twenty-five  years  ago  has  been  achieved. 
It  is  probably  true,  however,  that  no  ideal  will  ever  meet 
with  its  entire  consummation,  and  ideals  will  be  modified 
or  expanded.  Nor  do  I  believe  that  even  the  star  guid- 
ing the  three  sages  of  the  East  shone  always  with  equal 
splendor.  Thus  it  is  possible  that  what  I  earnestly  hope 
for  in  the  next  half-century  will  not  be  completely  ful- 
filled; but  woe  to  the  man,  to  the  profession,  to  the  nation, 
without  an  ideal  as  a  guiding  star.  To  medicine  in  its 
legitimate  and  just  meaning  that  star  is  the  improvement 
of  man  both  individually  and  collectively.  It  demands 
and  promises  the  combination  of  scientific  research  into 
the  wants  of  mankind,  with  the  application  of  preventives 
and  remedies  for  its  physical,  intellectual,  and  moral 
dangers  and  defects.  To  keep  and  fortify  medicine  on 
that  platform  is  the  ideal  of  our  calling.  By  working 
for  it,  medicine  and  medical  men  may  create  that  power 
which  alone  protects  individuals  against  hebetude  or 
despair,  and  nations  against  wreck  and  perdition.  That 
power  is  benevolence,  beneficence,  and  mutual  assistance. 


40  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

In  introducing  the  President  of  the  United  States,  the 
President  of  the  Academy  said: 

"It  is  now  our  distinguished  honor  to  welcome  a  gentle- 
man whose  deep  interest  in  the  affairs  of  the  Academy 
of  Medicine  has  caused  him  to  lay  aside  for  a  brief  time  the 
duties  of  his  great  office,  that  he  might  join  with  us  in 
the  ceremonies  of  the  occasion.  It  is  my  great  pleasure  to 
present  to  you  one  for  whom  sincere  men  have  a  profound 
respect,  patriotic  people  a  high  esteem,  and  intimate 
friends  an  abiding  affection." 


Mr,  President  and  Ladies  and  Gentlemen: 

I  have  anticipated  the  share  assigned  to  me  on  this 
occasion  with  considerable  trepidation,  for  various  rea- 
sons. I  have  been  chiefly  disturbed,  I  believe,  because 
of  my  inability  to  discover  sufficient  ground  for  my  right 
to  join  those  who  celebrate  the  semi-centennial  of  a  medi- 
cal association. 

If,  in  passing  through  that  period  in  boyhood  when  the 
desirable  choice  of  future  activity  seemed  to  rest  between 
running  away  from  home  to  be  a  sailor  and  staying  at 
home  to  be  a  doctor,  I  inclined  toward  the  more  quiet 
and  orderly  of  these  pursuits,  this  surely  furnishes  no  basis 
at  this  late  day  for  a  claim  of  relationship  to  the  medical 
fraternity.  Nor  do  I  forget  that  less  than  seven  years 
ago  I  was  accorded  the  privilege  of  participating  in  the 
exercises  when  the  comer-stone  was  laid  of  the  building 
which  is  now  the  home  of  the  organization  which  to-night 
celebrates  its  half-century  of  useful  and  honorable  exist- 
ence. But  this  incident  which  aroused  an  interest,  still 
undiminished,  in  the  welfare  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine, 
hardly  entitles  me  to  a  share  in  the  felicitations  of  those 
who  have  since  borne  the  heat  and  burden  of  its  work 
while  I  have  enjoyed  the  ease  and  happy  surroundings  of 
public  station. 


Address  of  President  Cleveland  41 

Confessing,  therefore,  that  I  have  no  right  to  even 
standing-room  within  the  inner  circle  of  the  profession,  I 
have  boldly  and  without  the  least  authority  determined  to 
speak  to  you  as  a  representative  of  the  vast  army  of 
patients  and  laymen. 

At  the  outset  I  desire  to  remind  you  that  you  owe  us 
much.  Though  largely  in  the  majority  and  with  plenty 
of  members  to  spare,  those  who  are  well-conducted  among 
us  do  not  vex  you  with  hurtful  competition.  Instead  of 
making  life  hard  for  you  by  an  observance  of  the  laws  of 
health,  we  assist  you  by  indulging  in  all  sorts  of  irregu- 
larities. We  are  obedient  and  submissive  to  your  com- 
mands, that  is,  when  we  are  sick,  and  we  sometimes  pay 
your  bills  even  after  a  recovery  to  health,  which  we  are 
always  certain  would  have  resulted  without  your  inter- 
ference. 

In  these  circumstances,  if  when  in  perfect  health  we 
venture  to  assert  ourselves  and  tell  you  what  is  in  our 
minds,  it  is  not  fair  to  liken  us  to  a  certain  personage  who 
when  sick  a  saint  would  be,  though  very  differently  in- 
clined when  well. 

We  begin  by  conceding  most  heartily  and  without  the 
least  reservation  the  learning  and  skill  of  those  now  con- 
stituting the  medical  profession,  and  the  wonderful  ad- 
vance that  has  been  made  through  their  untiring  labors 
and  investigations,  in  the  alleviation  of  human  suffering 
and  the  saving  of  human  life. 

It  may  be  that  this  seems  to  you  an  acknowledgment 
so  much  your  due  as  to  be  hardly  worth  making.  You 
should,  however,  value  it  because  it  is  sincerely  made  by 
those  who  were  not  born  yesterday,  but  who  hold  in  last- 
ing and  tender  memory  the  ministrations  of  the  village 
doctor  of  fifty  years  ago,  and  are  now  the  living  monu- 
ments of  his  faithful  care.  He,  too,  alleviated  suffering 
and  saved  human  life.    We  know  that  it  was  not  given  to 


42  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

him  to  see  the  bright  lights  that  now  mark  the  path  of 
medicine  and  surgery,  but  you  cannot  convince  us  that 
he  groped  entirely  in  the  dark.  We  remember  with  ab- 
horrence his  ever-ready  lancet,  and  the  scars  of  his  blood- 
letting found  in  every  household.  We  endure  with  com- 
placency the  recollection  of  his  awful  medicine-case,  con- 
taining bottles,  powders,  and  pills,  which,  whatever  might 
be  thought  of  them  now,  seemed  then  to  be  sufficient  for 
all  emergencies,  to  say  nothing  of  the  tooth-pulling  tools 
and  other  shiver-breeding  instruments  sometimes  exposed 
to  view.  If  he  was  ignorant  of  many  of  the  remedies  and 
appliances  now  in  use,  he  in  a  large  measure  supplied  the 
deficiency  by  hard-headed  judgment,  well-observed  expe- 
rience, and  careful  nursing.  Besides,  it  was  in  his  favor 
that  he  did  not  have  to  bother  his  head  with  many  of  the 
newly  invented  and  refined  diseases  that  afflict  mankind 
to-day.  He  had  no  allotted  hours  for  his  patients,  but 
was  always  on  duty,  and  we  knew  the  sound  of  his  gig 
as  it  rattled  past  in  the  night. 

Your  ways  are  better  than  his;  but  we  desire  you  to 
regard  this  admission  as  all  the  more  valuable  because  it 
is  carved  out  of  our  loyalty  to  our  old  village  doctor, 
who  brought  us  through  the  diseases  of  childhood  with- 
out relapse,  who  saved  from  death  our  parents  and  our 
brothers  and  our  sisters  in  many  a  hard  combat  with  ill- 
ness, and  who,  when  vanquished  and  forced  to  surrender, 
was  present  in  the  last  scene  to  close  the  eyes  of  his  dying 
patient  and  sympathize  with  those  who  wept. 

I  hasten  to  say  that  we  do  not  for  a  moment  suppose 
that  advancement  in  the  science  of  medicine  and  surgery 
has  smothered  the  faithfulness  and  tender  consideration 
which  characterized  the  practitioner  of  former  days.  If 
we  seek  charitable  service  to  the  sick  and  suffering,  a  noble 
appreciation    of  obligation  to  humanity,  and  self-abnega- 


Address  of  President  Cleveland  43 

tion  in  the  discharge  of  professional  duty,  we  must  look 
for  them  among  our  physicians  and  surgeons  of  to-day. 

If  we  have  now  arrived  at  an  understanding,  you  are,  I 
hope,  prepared  for  a  suggestion  quite  in  keeping  with  the 
extremely  moderate  and  reasonable  disposition  that  char- 
acterizes the  patient  and  layman.  You  have  invaded  our 
benighted  contentment  and  led  us  out  into  broad  fields 
of  scientific  discovery.  This  has  inspired  us  with  a  new- 
born spirit  of  wisdom  and  criticism,  which  demands  that 
new  and  larger  fields  be  opened  to  our  complacent  gaze. 
You  have  penetrated  the  places  where  the  germs  of  dis- 
ease are  hidden.  We  are  quite  certain  that  you  should 
be  required  to  destroy  the  origin  of  disease  and  ultimately 
usher  in  the  day  when  the  only  escape  from  the  world 
will  be  through  a  passage-way  marked  "Old-age  exit." 
If  this  has  the  appearance  of  exacting  too  much,  or  if 
business  considerations  present  obstacles  to  its  accom- 
plishment, I  think  we  ought,  perhaps,  to  reduce  our  claims, 
or  at  least  give  our  doctors  time  to  find  other  employment. 

In  the  meantime  those  of  us  who  are  conservative  must 
be  allowed  to  hope  that  further  investigation  will  con- 
tinue to  point  the  way  to  the  prevention  of  disease.  For 
this  investigation  we  must  still  rely  upon  the  efforts  of 
those  who  have  already  6,onc  so  much  in  that  direction, 
encouraged  and  stimulated  by  such  effective  organizations 
as  the  Academy  of  Medicine.  We  are  sure  that  this  work, 
having  arrested  the  attention  of  the  world's  brotherhood 
of  medical  science,  will  not  be  neglected,  nor  need  we  fear 
that  America's  contribution  to  splendid  results  will  be 
deficient. 

In  some  instances,  however,  investigation  has  performed 
its  part,  and  only  effective  action  in  other  quarters  is 
necessary  to  supply  needed  remedies.  In  such  cases,  of 
course,  you  are  absolved  from  all  responsibility  in  your 
professional  character  by  exhibiting  dangers  and  warning 


44  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

against  them.  Thus,  certain  diseases  which  you  deem  con- 
tagious, yet  remain  imperfectly  isolated.  You  have 
demonstrated  the  peril  to  health  of  unwholesome  water 
and  noxious  surroundings,  and  yet  much  remains  to  be 
done  by  way  of  protecting  our  people  against  these  dan- 
gers. You  have  established  a  code  of  ethics  which  con- 
demns charlatanism  in  all  its  forms,  and  yet  ignorant 
pretenders  roam  over  the  land  offering  to  perform  mir- 
acles, or  are  located  in  our  towns  and  cities,  preying  upon 
the  weakness  of  the  sick  and  afflicted,  while  men  and 
women  are  allowed  to  die  without  medical  attendance, 
deluded  with  the  hope  that  faith  will  save  them  in  their 
last  extremity.  Within  the  limits  of  your  professional 
power  and  influence  you  seek  to  restrain  any  approach 
to  criminal  malpractice,  yet  newspapers  disgustingly, 
though  covertly,  advertise  the  way  to  such  crimes,  and 
startle  their  readers  with  sensational  tales  of  death  and 
misery  to  which  they  are  directly  accessory. 

I  need  not  suggest  that  such  evils  are  allowed  to  exist 
by  reason  of  the  insufficiency  of  our  laws  or  a  laxity  in 
their  execution.  I  have  intimated  that  for  this  condition 
you  are  not  responsible,  in  a  professional  sense;  but  are 
you  sure  that  as  citizens  you  are  doing  all  in  your  power 
to  remedy  the  situation? 

The  village  doctor  was  not  only  our  physician,  but  he 
was  a  man  of  influence  in  all  neighborhood  affairs.  In  every 
matter  that  concerned  the  good  of  the  community  he  was 
at  the  front.  He  was  President  of  the  Village  or  repre- 
sented his  town  in  the  County  Board  of  Supervisors;  and 
if  he  was  ever  late  in  visiting  a  patient  it  was  because  he 
lingered  at  the  post-office  to  discuss  the  political  situa- 
tion. Thus  he  joined  with  the  performance  of  professional 
duty  a  discharge  of  the  obligations  of  citizenship. 

We  cannot  but  think  that  the  discoveries  and  improve- 
ments in  medical  practice  which  we  now  enjoy  are  dearly 


Address  oj  President  Cleveland  45 

bought  if  the  members  of  the  profession  in  their  onward 
march  have  left  behind  them  their  sense  of  civic  obUga- 
tion  and  their  interest  in  the  general  public  welfare.  We 
cannot  accuse  you  of  utter  neglect  of  your  duty  to  the 
country;  and  yet  we  cannot  keep  out  of  mind  the  sus- 
picion that  if  your  professional  work  in  exposing  evils 
was  more  thoroughly  supplemented  by  labor  in  the  field 
of  citizenship  these  evils  would  be  more  speedily  corrected. 

If  laws  are  needed  to  abolish  abuses  which  your  pro- 
fessional investigations  have  unearthed,  your  fraternity 
should  not  be  strangers  to  the  agencies  which  make  the 
laws.  If  enactments  already  in  force  are  neglected  or 
badly  executed,  you  should  not  forget  that  it  is  your  priv- 
ilege and  duty  to  insist  upon  their  vigorous  and  honest 
enforcement.  Let  me  also  remind  you  of  the  application 
to  your  case  of  the  truth  embodied  in  the  homely  injunc- 
tion: "If  you  want  a  job  well  done,  do  it  yourself."  If 
members  of  your  profession  were  oftener  found  in  our 
national  and  State  legislative  assemblies,  ready  to  advo- 
cate the  reformatory  measure  you  have  demonstrated  to 
be  necessary,  and  to  defend  your  brotherhood  against 
flippant  and  sneering  charges  of  impracticability,  the  pros- 
pect of  your  bestowal  upon  your  fellow-men  of  the  ripened 
results  of  your  professional  labor  would  be  brighter  and 
nearer. 

While  thus  suggesting  the  need  of  your  influence  in 
legislative  circles  for  the  accomplishment  of  reforms  re- 
lated to  your  profession,  you  will,  I  hope,  permit  me  in 
conclusion  to  enjoin  upon  you  the  duty  of  an  active  and 
general  interest  and  participation  in  public  affairs  for  the 
promotion  of  your  country's  good  in  all  phases.  Our 
Government  was  founded  in  the  faith  and  anticipation 
that  those  who  loved  it  most  and  were  best  able  to  hold 
it  steady  would  be  at  its  helm.  Without  this  it  would 
surely  go  astray.     Never  did  patient  need  your  medical 


46  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

treatment  more  than  the  body  pohtic  now  needs  the  watch- 
ful care  of  your  patriotic  and  disinterested  citizenship. 

No  object  of  personal  ambition  and  no  activity  of  pro- 
fessional life  should  be  permitted  to  withhold  from  our 
Government  the  tithe  of  devotion  and  service  due  from  its 
thoughtful,  intelligent,  and  educated  citizens.  The  reward 
of  a  willing  recognition  of  our  obligation  to  watch  and 
protect  our  free  institutions  and  preserve  them  from  weak- 
ness and  decay  will  surely  come  when  a  just  government, 
supported  by  the  patriotism  of  a  loving  people  shall 
bestow  with  equal  hand,  upon  us  and  all  our  country- 
men, the  blessings  of  national  peace,  contentment,  and 
happiness. 


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COPY  OF  THE  ORIGINAL  CONSTITUTION  OF 
THE  NEW  YORK  ACADEMY  OF  MEDICINE. 

ADOPTED  JANUARY  6,  1847. 

Extract  from  the  Minutes  of  a  Meeting  of 

The  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine, 

Held  January  6,  1847. 

Dr.  John  Stearns  in  the  Chair. 
constitution. 

Art.  I.  This  Association  shall  be  called  the  "New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,"  and  be  composed  of  Resident  and 
Corresponding  Fellows. 

Art.  2.  The  objects  of  the  Academy  shall  be: 

First.  The  separation  of  the  Regular  from  Irregular 
Practitioners. 

Second.  The  association  of  the  Profession  Proper  for 
purposes  of  mutual  recognition  and  fellowship. 

Third.  The  promotion  of  the  character,  interests,  and 
honor  of  the  fraternity,  by  maintaining  the  union  and  har- 
mony of  the  regular  profession  of  the  city  and  its  vicinity, 
and  aiming  to  elevate  the  standard  of  Medical  Education. 

Fourth.  The  cultivation  and  advancement  of  the 
science,  by  our  united  exertions  for  mutual  improvement, 
and  our  contributions  to  Medical  Literature. 

Art.  3.  The  Resident  Fellows  shall  be  regular  Practi- 
tioners of  Medicine  or  Surgery  in  the  City  of  New  York, 
or  its  vicinity;  shall  be  proposed  by  a  Fellow  of  the  Acad- 
emy to  the  Committee  on  Admissions,  which  shall  satisfy 
itself  of  the  regular  standing  of  the  candidate,  by  cre- 

57 


58  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

dentials  or  otherwise,  and  upon  its  recommendation,  he 
may  be  admitted  by  a  vote  of  the  Academy,  at  a  regular 
meeting.  A  residence  of  three  years  in  this  city  or  vicinity 
shall  be  necessary  to  eligibility  in  the  Fellowship  of  the 
Academy. 

Art.  4.  No  Proprietor  or  Vender  of  any  patent  or 
secret  remedy  or  medicine,  nor  any  Empirical  or  Irregu- 
lar Practitioner,  shall  either  be  admitted  to  or  retained 
in  the  Fellowship  of  this  Academy. 

Art.  5.  Corresponding  Fellows  may  be  elected  on  the 
nomination  of  the  Committee  on  Admissions,  which  shall 
vouch  for  their  being  duly  qualified  Practitioners;  but  the 
votes  of  three-fourths  of  the  Fellows  present,  at  a  regu- 
lar meeting,  shall  be  necessary  for  such  election.  The 
number  of  Corresponding  Fellows  shall  be  limited  to  one 
hundred. 

Art.  6.  The  officers  of  the  Academy  shall  be  a  Presi- 
dent, four  Vice-Presidents,  a  Recording  Secretary,  two 
Corresponding  Secretaries,  designated  for  Domestic  and 
Foreign  Correspondence,  a  Treasurer,  and  a  Librarian; 
who  shall  be  elected  annually  by  ballot  at  the  regular 
meeting  in  January.  They  shall  severally  perform  the 
duties  indicated  by  the  title  of  their  respected  offices. 

Art.  7.  The  President  shall  appoint,  immediately  after 
his  election,  the  following  Standing  Committees,  each  of 
which  shall  consist  of  five  Resident  Fellows: 

First.   A  Committee  on  Admissions. 

Second.   A  Committee  on  Finance. 

Third.  A  Committee  on  Medical  Ethics. 

Fourth.    A  Committee  on  Publication. 

Fifth.    A  Council  of  Appeal. 

Art.  8.  Alterations  of  this  Constitution  shall  not  be 
made  except  at  a  meeting  subsequent  to  that  at  which 
such  alteration  shall  have  been  proposed  in  writing. 


I 


A  LIST  OF  THE  OFFICERS  OF  THE  NEW  YORK 
ACADEMY  OF  MEDICINE, 

FROM   1847  TO   1897. 

OFFICERS— 1847. 

President  John  Stearns,  M.D. 

fFrancis  Upton  Johnston,  M.D. 

Vice-Presidents  \  R^^^^f  ^PJ'K  H;^i     ^t  t^ 

I  John  Brodhead  Beck,  M.D. 

I  John  Wakefield  Francis,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary Ferdinand  Campbell  Stewart,  M.D. 

Domestic  Corresponding  Secretary.. William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 
Foreign  Corresponding  Secretary. ..  Benjamin  Drake,  M.D. 

Treasurer Roberts  Watts,  M.D. 

Librarian  Thomas  Masters  Markoe,  M.D. 

Orator  John  Wakefield  Francis,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1848. 

President John  Wakefield  Francis,  M.D. 

'Thomas  Cock,  M.D. 

Vice-Presidents  J  John  Brodhead  Beck,  M.D 

John  Kearny  Rodgers,  M.D. 
.  William  W.  Miner,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Ferdinand  Campbell  Stewart,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Marcus  Lorenzo  Taft,  M.D. 

Domestic  Corresponding  Secretary.  .William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 
Foreign  Corresponding  Secretary. . .  Gurdon  Buck,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

Librarian  Thomas  Ferris  Cock,  M.D. 

Orator  James  Robert  Manley,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1849. 
President  Valentine  Mott,  M.D. 

r Isaac  Wood,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  \  J?mes  Robert  Manley,  M.D. 

I  Galen  Carter^  M.D. 

iThomas  Cock,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  John  Ledyard  Vandervoort,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary Thomas  Morris  Franklin,  M.D. 

Domestic  Corresponding  Secretary.  .William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 
Foreign  Corresponding  Secretary. .  .John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

Librarian  Thomas  Ferris  Cock,  M.D. 

Orator  Alfred  Charles  Post,  M.D. 

59 


Trustees 


60  .  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

OFFICERS~i8so. 

President  Isaac  Wood,  M.D. 

r Galen  Carter,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  \  Joseph  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

I  James  Cotton  Bliss,  M.D. 

I  Alfred  Charles  Post,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Jackson  Bolton,  M.D. 

Domestic  Corresponding  Secretary ..  William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 
Foreign  Corresponding  Secretary. ..  Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

'James  Anderson,  M.D. 
Galen  Carter,  M.D. 
Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  M.D. 
Willard  Parker,  M.D. 
John  Kearny  Rodgers,  M.D. 
John  Hoskins  Griscom,  M.D. 

Librarian  Thomas  Ferris  Cock,  M.D. 

Orator  Joseph  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1851. 

President  Alexander  Hodgdon  Stevens,  M.D. 

r Galen  Carter,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents \  Joseph  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

John  Kearny  Rodgers,  M.D. 
Ijohn  Putnam  Batchelder,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Jackson  Bolton,  M.D. 

Domestic  Corresponding  Secretary.. William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 
Foreign  Corresponding  Secretary. ..  Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  M.D. 
Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

''James  Anderson,  M.D. 

Galen  Carter,  M.D. 

Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  M.D. 

Willard  Parker,  M.D. 

John  Kearny  Rodgers,  M.D. 

,  Isaac  Wood,  M.D. 
Librarian Thomas  Ferris  Cock,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1852. 
President Thomas  Cock,  M.D. 

{Joseph  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 
James  Anderson,  M.D 
John  Putnam  Batchelder,  M.D. 
Gurdon  Buck,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Jackson  Bolton,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  George  Absalom  Peters,  M.D. 

Domestic  Corresponding  Secretary ..  William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 
Foreign  Corresponding  Secretary. ..  Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  M.D. 


Trustees 


List  0}  Officers  61 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

'James  Anderson,  M.D. 


Trustees 


Galen  Carter,  M.D. 

Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  M.D. 

Willard  Parker,  M.D. 

John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Jsaac  Wood,  M.D. 


Q    .  [-Thomas  Ferris  Cock,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1853. 
President Isaac  Wood,  M.D. 

{Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  M.D. 
Ferdinand  Campbell  Stewart,  M.D. 
William  Detmold,  M.D. 
Willard  Parker,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary Samuel  Augustus  Purdy,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  John  Foster  Jenkins,  M.D. 

Domestic  Corresponding  Secretary..  Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
Foreign  Corresponding  Secretary. ..  Samuel  Conant  Foster,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

''James  Anderson,  M.D. 
Galen  Carter,  M.D. 
William  Nelson  Blakeman,  M.D. 

Trustees -l  William  Rockwell,  M.D. 

Richard  Sharp  Kissam,  M.D. 
Benjamin  Ogden,  M.D. 
.Samuel  Pomeroy  White,  M.D. 
Librarian  Thomas  Ferris  Cock,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1854. 

President  Joseph  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

r James  Anderson,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  .-!  Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  M.D. 

I  William  Detmold,  M.D. 
Ijohn  Hoskins  Griscom,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary Samuel  Augustus  Purdy,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary Edwin  Bolles  Stimson,  M.D. 

Domestic  Corresponding  Secretary ..  Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
Foreign  Corresponding  Secretary.  ..Samuel  Conant  Foster,  M.D. 
Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

'James  Anderson,  M.D. 

Galen  Carter,  M.D. 

William  Nelson  Blakeman,  M.D. 
Trustees -^William  Rockwell,  M.D. 

Richard  Sharp  Kissam,  M.D. 

Benjamin  Ogden,  M.D. 

.Samuel  Pomeroy  White,  M.D. 

Librarian  Thomas  Ferris  Cock,  M.D. 

Orator  John  Hoskins  Griscom,  M.D. 


62  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

OFFICERS— i8ss. 
President  John  Wakefield  Francis,  M.D. 

j  Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  M.D, 

Vice-Presidents  \  Ferdinand  Campbell  Stewart,  M.D 

Gurdon  Buck,  M.D. 

I  William  Detmold,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Samuel  Conant  Foster,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  John  Winantz  Greene,  M.D. 

Domestic  Corresponding  Secretary. .  Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
Foreign  Corresponding  Secretary. .  .John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 
Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

^James  Anderson,  M.D. 
Galen  Carter,  M.D. 
William   Nelson   Blakeman,  M.D. 

Trustees i  William  Rockwell,  M.D. 

Richard  Sharp  Kissam,  M.D. 
Benjamin  Ogden,  M.D. 
Samuel  Pomeroy  White,  M.D. 

Librarian  Thomas  Ferris  Cock,  M.D. 

Orator  John  Watson,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1856. 

President  Willard  Parker,  M.D. 

{John  Watson,  M.D. 
Jackson  Bolton,   M.D. 
Gurdon  Buck,  M.D. 
Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Samuel  Conant  Foster,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  William  Frederick  Holcombe,  M.D. 

Domestic  Corresponding  Secretary. .  Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
Foreign  Corresponding  Secretary.  ..John  Winantz  Greene,  M.D. 
Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

James  Anderson,  M.D. 

Galen  Carter,  M.D, 

William  Nelson  Blakeman,  M.D. 
Trustees  i  John  Hoskins  Griscom,  M.D. 

Richard  Sharp  Kissam,  M.D. 

Benjamin  Ogden,  M.D. 

Samuel  Pomeroy  White,  M.D. 
Librarian Thomas  Ferris  Cock,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1857. 
President    Valentine  Mott,  M.D. 

(James  Rushmore  Wood,  M.D. 
Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  M.D. 
John  Watson,  M.D. 
Benjamin  Fordyce  Barker,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary Charles  Frederick  Hey  wood,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Francis  Upton  Johnston,  Jr.,  M.D. 


List  of  Officers  63 

Domestic  Corresponding  Secretary..  Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
Foreign  Corresponding  Secretary.  ..John  Winantz  Greene,  M.D. 
Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

James  Anderson,  M.D. 

Galen  Carter,  M.D. 


Trustees 


William  Nelson  Blakeman,  M.D. 
John  Hoskins  Griscom,  M.D. 
Richard  Sharp  Kissam,  M.D, 
Benjamin  Ogden,  M.D. 
Samuel  Pomeroy  White,  M.D. 


Librarian  Thomas  Ferris  Cock,  M.D. 

Orator  James  Marion  Sims,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1858. 
President  John  Putnam  Batchelder,  M.D. 


(Charles  Edward  Isaacs,  M.D. 
It —  ~'       ~ 


\r;,^^  T3^«o;^or,fo  J  William  Holme  Van  Buren,  M.D. 

Vice-Presidents  ^  j^j^^  ^^^^^^^  ^33 

(^Samuel  Conant  Foster,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Charles  Frederick  Hey  wood,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary Francis  Upton  Johnston,  Jr.,  M.D. 

Domestic  Corresponding  Secretary. .  Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 

Foreign  Corresponding  Secretary.  ..John  Winantz  Greene,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

James  Anderson,  M.D. 

Galen  Carter,  M.D. 

William  Nelson  Blakeman,  M.D. 

Trustees  ■{  John  Hoskins  Griscom,  M.D. 

Richard  Sharp  Kissam,  M.D. 
Benjamin  Ogden,  M.D. 
Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  M.D. 

Librarian  Samuel  Rotton  Percy,  M.D. 

Orator  Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1859. 
President    John  Watson,  M.D. 

{Samuel  Conant  Foster,  M.D. 
Joel  Foster,  M.D. 
Gurdon  Buck,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary Theodore  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Francis  Upton  Johnston,  Jr.,  M.D. 

Corresponding  Secretary   John  Winantz  Greene,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

'Joseph  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 
Richard  Sharp  Kissam,  M.D. 

Trustees  -[  James  Anderson,   M.D. 

Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
Jsaac  Wood,  M.D. 

Librarian  , Samuel  Rotton  Percy,  M.D. 

Orator  William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 


64  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

OFFICERS— 1860. 

President  John  Watson,  M.D. 

rjoel  Foster,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  \  Gurdon  Buck,  M.D. 

t  Moses  Depew  Van  Pelt,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary Theodore  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

Corresponding  Secretary   John  Winantz  Greene,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

^James  Anderson,  M.D. 

Jacob  Harsen,  M.D. 
Trustees \  Richard  Sharp  Kissam,  M.D. 

Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
Jsaac  Wood,  M.D. 

Librarian  Samuel  Rotton  Percy,  M.D. 

Orator  John  Watson,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1861. 
President   James  Anderson,  M.D. 


rJoel  Foster,  M.D. 


Trustees 


Vice-Presidents  \  Moses  Depew  Van  Pelt,  M.D. 

I  Alfred  Charles  Post,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary Theodore  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

Corresponding  Secretary   John  Winantz  Greene,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

Jacob  Harsen,  M.D. 
Richard  Sharp  Kissam,  M.D. 
Benjamin  Ogden,  M.D. 
Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
Jsaac  Wood,  M.D. 

Librarian Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

OFFICERS^i862. 

President James  Anderson,  M.D. 

{Moses  Depew  Van  Pelt,  M.D. 
Alfred  Charles  Post,  M.D. 
Henry  Daggett  Bulkley,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Fessenden  Nott  Otis,  M.D. 

Corresponding  Secretary   John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
Isaac  Wood,  M.D. 
Jacob  Harsen,  M.D. 
John  Robert  Van  Kleek,  M.D. 
Ooel  Foster,  M.D. 

Librarian  Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

Orator  Samuel  Conant  Foster,  M.D. 


Trustees 


List  of  Officers  65 

OFFICERS— 1863. 

President James  Anderson,  M.D. 

/-Alfred  Charles  Post,  M.D. 

Vice-Presidents  i  Henry  Daggett  Bulkley,  M.D. 

lAlfred  Underbill,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Fessenden  Nott  Otis,  M.D. 

Corresponding  Secretary    John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary John  Hoskins  Griscom,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,   M.D. 

Isaac  Wood,  M.D. 

Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D. 
Trustees i  John  Robert  Van  Kleek,  M.D. 

Joel  Foster,  M.D. 

Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 

Librarian  James  Lenox  Banks,  M.D. 

Orator  John  William  Draper,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1864. 

President  James  Anderson,  M.D. 

(Henry  Daggett  Bulkley,  M.D. 

Vice-Presidents  \  Alfred  Underbill,  M.D. 

I  Alfred  Charles  Post,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  William  Mellen  Chamberlain,  M.D. 

Corresponding  Secretary    John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary   Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D, 

John  Robert  Van  Kleek,  M.D. 
Trustees  a  Joel  Foster,  M.D. 

Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 

Moses  Depew  Van  Pelt,  M.D. 
Librarian  James  Lenox  Banks,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1865. 

President James  Anderson,  M.D. 

fAlfred  Underbill,  M.D. 

Vice-Presidents  \  Alfred  Charles  Post,  M.D. 

i Henry  Daggett  Bulkley,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  William  Mellen  Chamberlain,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Edward  Houghton  Janes,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary    John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

'John  Robert  Van  Kleek,  M.D. 
Joel  Foster,  M.D. 

Trustees  i  Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 

Moses  Depew  Van  Pelt,  M.D. 
Jared  Linsly,  M.D. 
Librarian  John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 


66  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

OFFICERS— 1866. 

President   James  Anderson,  M.D. 

(-Alfred  Charles  Post,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  \  Henry  Daggett  Bulkley,  M.D. 

I  Oliver  White,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary William  Mellen  Chamberlain,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Edward  Houghton  Janes,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary    John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

I  Joel  Foster,  M.D. 
Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
Moses  Depew  Van  Pelt,  M.D. 
Jared  Linsly,  M.D. 
Alfred  Underbill,  M.D. 

Librarian  John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

Orator  John  Ordronaux,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1867. 

President  Alfred  Charles  Post,  M.D. 

{Henry  Daggett  Bulkley,  M.D. 
Oliver  White,  M.D. 
Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  William  Mellen  Chamberlain,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Edward  Houghton  Janes,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary    John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

Treasurer Jamas  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

i Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
Moses  Depew  Van  Pelt,  M.D. 
Jared  Linsly,  M.D. 
Alfred  Underbill,  M.D. 
William  Burr  Bibbins,  M.D. 

Librarian  John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

Orator Stephen  Smith,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1868. 

President  Alfred  Charles  Post,  M.D. 

rOliver  White,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  .•...-!  Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D. 

lEdmund  Randolph  Peaslee,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary Edward  Houghton  Janes,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

Corresponding  Secretary   William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary William  Faulds  Thoms,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 


Trustees 


List  oj  Officers  67 

'Moses  Depew  Van  Pelt,  M.D. 
Jared  Linsly,  M.D. 
Alfred  Underbill,  M.D. 
William  Burr  Bibbins,  M.D. 
Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 

Librarian .John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

Orator Austin  Flint,  M.D. 

OFFICERS--1869. 
President Henry  Daggett  Bulkley,  M.D. 

Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee,  M.D. 

Joseph  Chrisman  Hutchison,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  , Edward  Houghton  Janes,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

Corresponding  Secretary   William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary William  Faulds  Thoms,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

Jared  Linsly,  M.D. 
Alfred  Underbill,  M.D. 

Trustees William  Burr  Bibbins,  M.D. 

Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
James  Lenox  Banks,  M.D. 

Librarian  John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

Orator Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D, 

OFFICERS— 1870. 
President  Henry  Daggett  Bulkley,  M.D. 

{Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee,  M.D. 
Joseph  Chrisman  Hutchison,  M.D. 
William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Edward  Houghton  Janes,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary    John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary William  Faulds  Thoms,  M.D. 

Treasurer ,.... James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

'Alfred  Underbill,  M.D. 

William  Burr  Bibbins,  M.D. 
Trustees  ; <  Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 

James  Lenox  Banks,  M.D. 
James  Anderson,  M.D. 

Librarian  John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1871. 
President  Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee,  M.D. 

{Joseph  Chrisman  Hutchison,  M.D. 
William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 
Austin  Flint,  M.D. 


68  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

Recording  Secretary William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  William  Henry  Beers  Post,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary   , .  .John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary William  Faulds  Thorns,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

'Henry  Daggett  Bulkley,  M.D. 
Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D, 

Trustees -( James  Lenox  Banks,  M.D. 

James  Anderson,  M.D. 
Alfred  Underhill,  M.D. 

Librarian John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1872. 

President Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee,  M.D. 

( William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  -[  Austin  Flint,  M.D. 

(  Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  William  Henry  Beers  Post,  M.D. 

Corresponding  Secretary   John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary William  Faulds  Thoms,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
James  Lenox  Banks,  M.D. 

Trustees ■{  James  Anderson,  M.D. 

Alfred  Underhill,  M.D. 
Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D. 

Librarian John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

Orator  Edward  Swift  Dunster,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1873. 

President Austin  Flint,  M.D. 

{William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 
Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 
Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  William  Henry  Beers  Post,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary    John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Bradford  Smith  Thompson,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

'James  Lenox  Banks,  M.D. 
James  Anderson,  M.D. 

Trustees  <  Alfred  Underhill,  M.D. 

Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D. 
Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee,  M.D. 

Librarian  John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

Orator  John  Call  Dalton,  M.D. 


List  of  Officers  69 

OFFICERS— 1874. 

President Austin  Flint,  M.D. 

{Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 
Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
John  Call  Dalton,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Horace  Tracy  Hanks,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary   John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Allan  McLane  Hamilton,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

James  Anderson,  M.D. 
Oliver  White,  M.D. 

Trustees -{ Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D. 

Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee,  M.D. 
James  Lenox  Banks,  M.D. 

Librarian  John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

Orator  Daniel  Bennett  St.  John  Roosa,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1875. 

President  Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

{Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
John  Call  Dalton,  M.D. 
Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Horace  Tracy  Hanks,  M.D. 

Corresponding  Secretary John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Allan  McLane  Hamilton,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

'Oliver  White,  M.D. 
Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D. 

Trustees  -v  Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee,  M.D. 

James  Lenox  Banks,  M.D. 
^Austin  Flint,  M.D. 

Librarian  John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

Orator  Erasmus  Darwin  Hudson,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1876. 

President Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

/-John  Call  Dalton,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  ^  Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D, 

^Benjamin  Fordyce  Barker,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Horace  Tracy  Hanks,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary   John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Allan  McLane  Hamilton,  M.D. 

Treasurer James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 


70  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 


f  Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D. 


,  Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee,  M.D. 

Trustees  -I  james  Lenox  Banks,  M.D. 

Austin  Flint,  M.D. 

I  Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 

Librarian John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

Orator  William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1877. 
President Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

rGouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents "j  Benjamin  Fordyce  Barker,  M.D. 

'•William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary Horace  Tracy  Hanks,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Edwin  Fletcher  Ward,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary   John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Allan  McLane  Hamilton,  M.D. 

Treasurer Horace  Putnam  Farnham,  M.D. 

Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee,  M.D. 
^  Austin  Flint,  M.D. 

Trustees  ........-{ James  Lenox  Banks,  M.D. 

Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 

Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D. 

Librarian  Laurence  Johnson,  M.D. 

Orator Theodore  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1878. 
President Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

{Benjamin  Fordyce  Barker,  M.D. 
William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 
Theodore  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Horace  Tracy  Hanks,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Edwin  Fletcher  Ward,  M.D. 

Corresponding  Secretary   John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary , Francis  Varian  White,  M.D. 

Treasurer Horace  Putnam  Farnham,  M.D. 

James  Lenox  Banks,  M.D. 

Austin  Flint,  M.D. 
Trustees -I  Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard.  M.D. 

Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D, 

Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D, 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees ....James  Rosebrugh  Learning,  M.D. 

Librarian  Laurence  Johnson,  M.D. 

Orator  William  Hanna  Thomson. 

OFFICERS— 1879. 
President Benjamin  Fordyce  Barker,  M.D. 

I  William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  •<  Theodore  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.D. 

(James  Rosebrugh  Leaming,  M.D. 


Lisl  oj  Officers  71 

Recording  Secretary Horace  Tracy  Hanks,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Edwin  Fletcher  Ward,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary   John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Francis  Varian  White,  M.D. 

Treasurer Horace  Putnam  Farnham,  M.D. 

Austin  Flint,  Sr.,  M.D. 

Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
Trustees  -{  Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D. 

Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees Charles  Wright,  M.D. 

Librarian Laurence  Johnson,  M.D. 

Orator  Leroy  Milton  Yale,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1880. 

President Benjamin  Fordyce  Barker,  M.D. 

(Theodore  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  A  James  Rosebrugh  Leaming,  M.D. 

^  Frank  Hastings  Hamilton,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary Edwin  Fletcher  Ward,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  William  Henry  Katzenbach,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary   John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Francis  Varian  White,  M.D. 

Treasurer Horace  Putnam  Farnham,  M.D. 

I  Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 

I  Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D. 

Trustees  \  Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

I  William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees Charles  Wright,  M.D. 

Librarian  Laurence  Johnson,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1881. 

President Benjamin  Fordyce  Barker,  MiD. 

(James  Rosebrugh  Leaming,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  \  Frank  Hastings  Hamilton,  M.D. 

(  Robert  Fulton  Weir,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Edwin  Fletcher  Ward,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  William  Henry  Katzenbach,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary   John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Francis  Varian  White,  M.D. 

Treasurer Horace  Putnam  Farnham,  M.D. 

Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D. 

Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 
Trustees  Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 
t  Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees Charles  Wright,  M.D. 

Librarian  Laurence  Johnson,  M.D. 


72  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

OFFICERS— 1882. 

President Benjamin  Fordyce  Barker,  M.D. 

{Frank  Hastings  Hamilton,  M.D. 
Robert  Fulton  Weir,  M.D. 
Horace  Tracy  Hanks,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Edwin  Fletcher  Ward,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  William  Henry  Katzenbach,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary    John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Francis  Varian  White,  M.D. 

Treasurer Horace  Putnam  Farnham,  M.D. 

I  Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 
I  Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

Trustees  , \  Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 

I  William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 
t  Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees Charles  Wright,  M.D. 

Librarian » Erasmus  Darwin  Hudson,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1883. 

President Benjamin  Fordyce  Barker,   M.D. 

(  Robert  Fulton  Weir,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  \  Horace  Tracy  Hanks,  M.D. 

'  Horace  Putnam  Farnham,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  William  Henry  Katzenbach,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Arthur  Middleton  Jacobus,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary    John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Francis  Varian  White,  M.D. 

Treasurer William  Floyd  Cushman,  M.D. 

Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 
Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
Trustees 


William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 

Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees Charles  Wright,  M.D. 

Librarian  Erasmus  Darwin  Hudson,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1884. 

President Benjamin  Fordyce  Barker,  M.D. 

{Horace  Tracy  Hanks,  M.D. 
Horace  Putnam  Farnham,  M.D. 
Robert  Fulton  Weir,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  William  Henry  Katzenbach,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Arthur  Middleton  Jacobus,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary    John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Francis  Varian  White,  M.D. 

Treasurer William  Floyd  Cushman,  M.D. 


Trustees 


List  oj  Officers  75 

Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
^  William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

Trustees -I  Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 

Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

Cornelius  Rea  Agnew,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees Frederick  Augustus  Castle,  M.D. 

Librarian  Erasmus  Darwin  Hudson,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1885. 
President  Abraham  Jacobi,  M.D. 

(Horace  Putnam  Famham,  M.D. 
Robert  Fulton  Weir,  M.D. 
Charles  Carroll  Lee,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  William  Henry  Katzenbach,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Arthur  Middleton  Jacobus,  M.D. 

Corresponding  Secretary   Paul  Fortunatus  Munde,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Francis  Varian  White,  M.D. 

Treasurer William  Floyd  Cushman,  M.D. 

Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 
Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 
Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 
Cornelius  Rea  Agnew,  M.D. 
;  Alfred  Lee  Loomis,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees Frederick  Augustus  Castle,  M.D. 

Librarian  Erasmus  Darwin  Hudson,  M.D. 

Orator  Henry  Drury  Noyes,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1886. 

President Abraham  Jacobi,  M.D. 

j  Robert  Fulton  Weir,  M.D. 

Vice-Presidents  -j  Charles  Carroll  Lee,  M.D. 

'  Henry  Drury  Noyes,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary Arthur  Middleton  Jacobus,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Richard  Kalish,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary   Wesley  Mannen  Carpenter,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Adoniram  Brown  Judson,  M.D. 

Treasurer William  Floyd  Cushman,  M.D. 

Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 

Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 
Trustees Cornelius  Rea  Agnew,  M.D. 

Alfred  Lee  Loomis,  M.D. 

George  Absalom  Peters,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees Frederick  Augustus  Castle,  M.D. 

Librarian  Erasmus  Darwin  Hudson,  M.D. 

Orator  William  Henry  Draper,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1887. 
President Abraham  Jacobi,  M.D. 

j  Robert  Fulton  Weir,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  -j  Charles  Carroll  Lee,  M.D. 

(  Henry  Drury  Noyes,  M.D. 


74  The  Se mi-Centennial  Celebration 

Recording  Secretary ,..  Arthur  Middleton  Jacobus,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Richard  KaHsh,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary   Wesley  Mannen  Carpenter,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Adoniram  Brown  Judson,  M.D. 

Treasurer William  Floyd  Cushman,  M.D. 

[Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 

I  Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 
Trustees  ■{  Cornelius  Rea  Agnew,  M.  D. 

I  Alfred  Lee  Loomis,  M.D. 

(.George  Absalom  Peters,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees Frederick  Augustus  Castle,  M.D. 

Librarian  Charles  Huntoon  Knight,  M.D. 

Orator  Andrew  Heermance  Smith,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1888. 
President - Abraham  Jacobi,   M.D. 

(  Charles  Carroll  Lee,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents -j  Henry  Drury  Noyes,  AI.D. 

'  William  Henry  Draper,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Arthur  Middleton  Jacobus,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Richard  Kalish,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary    Wesley  Mannen  Carpenter,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Adoniram  Brown  Judson,  M.D. 

Treasurer William  Floyd  Cushman,  M.D. 

Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 

Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 
Trustees  -I  Cornelius  Rea  Agnew,  M.D. 

Alfred  Lee  Loomis,  M.D. 

George  Absalom  Peters,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees Frederick  Augustus  Castle,  M.D. 

Librarian Charles  Huntoon  Knight,  M.D. 

Orator Daniel  Bennett  St.  John  Roosa,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1889. 
President Alfred  Lee  Loomis,  M.D. 

(Daniel    Bennett    St.   John    Roosa, 
WillbnPkenry  Draper,  M.D. 
Andrew  Heermance  Smith,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Arthur  Middleton  Jacobus,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary Richard  Kalish,  M.D. 

Corresponding  Secretary   M.  Allen  Starr,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Adoniram  Brown  Judson,  M.D. 

Treasurer Orlando  Benajah  Douglas,  M.D. 

[Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 
I  Laurence  Johnson,  M.D. 

Trustees  -j  George  Absalom  Peters,  M.D. 

I  Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 
t  Abraham  Jacobi,  M.D. 


List  oj  Officers  75 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees Frederick  Augustus  Castle,  M.D. 

Librarian Charles  Huntoon  Knight,  M.D. 

Orator  William  Mecklenberg  Polk,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1890. 

President Alfred  Lee  Loomis,  M.D. 

I  Andrew  Heermance  Smith,  M.D. 
.  I  Daniel    Bennett    St.   John    Roosa, 

Vice-Presidents  -j         M.D. 

Richard    Channing    Moore    Page, 

[         M.D. 

Recording  Secretary Arthur  Middleton  Jacobus,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Richard  Kalish,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary   M.  Allen  Starr,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Adoniram  Brown  Judson,  M.D. 

Editor  of  the  Transactions George  Thomas  Jackson,  M.D. 

Treasurer Orlando  Benajah  Douglas,   M.D. 

Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 

George  Absalom  Peters,  M.D. 
Trustees  i  Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

Abraham  Jacobi,  M.D. 

Laurence  Johnson,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees Frederick  Augustus  Castle,  M.D. 

Librarian Charles  Huntoon  Knight,  M.D. 

Orator  Edward  Lawrence  Keyes,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1891. 
President Alfred  Lee  Loomis,  M.D. 

Daniel   Bennett    St.   John    Roosa, 
M.D. 

Richard    Channing    Moore    Page, 
M.D. 

Edward  Lawrence  Keyes,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary Arthur  Middleton  Jacobus,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Richard  Kalish,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary   M.  Allen  Starr,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Adoniram  Brown  Judson,  M.D. 

Editor  of  the  Transactions George  Thomas  Jackson,  M.D. 

Treasurer Orlando  Benajah  Douglas,  M.D. 

[Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 
_  I  Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

Trustees  -{Abraham  Jacobi,  M.D. 

Laurence  Johnson,  M.D. 

Frederick  Augustus  Castle,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees William  Floyd  Cushman,  M.D. 

Librarian  Timothy  Matlack  Cheesman,  M.D. 

Orator  Charles  Frederic  Chandler,  Ph.D. 


Vice-Presidents 


Trustees 


76  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

OFFICERS— 1892. 
President Alfred  Lee  Loomis,  M.D. 

(Richard    Channing    Moore    Page, 
M.D. 
Edward  Lawrence  Keyes,  M.D. 
Charles  McBurney,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Richard  KaHsh,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Reginald  Hall  Sayre,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary    M.  Allen  Starr,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Adoniram  Brown  Judson,  M.D. 

Editor  of  the  Transactions George  Thomas  Jackson,  M.D. 

Treasurer Orlando  Benajah  Douglas,  M.D. 

Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 

Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

Abraham  Jacobi,  M.D. 

Laurence  Johnson,  M.D. 

Frederick  Augustus  Castle,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees William  Floyd  Cushman,  M.D. 

Librarian Timothy  Matlack  Cheesman,  M.D. 

Orator  Lewis  Atterbury  Stimson,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1893. 
President Daniel  Bennett  St.  John  Roosa,  M.D. 

I  Edward  Lawrence  Keyes,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  )  Charles  McBurney,  M.D. 

I  Lewis  Atterbury  Stimson,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Richard  Kalish,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Reginald  Hall  Sayre,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary    M.  Allen  Starr,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Adoniram  Brown  Judson,  M.D. 

Editor  of  the  Transactions George  Thomas  Jackson,  M.D. 

Treasurer Orlando  Benajah  Douglas,  M.D. 

I  Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 
_  I  Abraham  Jacobi,  M.D. 

Trustees ^  Frederick  Augustus  Castle,  M.D. 

Arthur  Middleton  Jacobus,  M.D. 

[Daniel  Lewis,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees William  Floyd  Cushman,  M.D. 

Librarian  Edward  Sprague  Peck,  M.D. 

Orator  William  Hanna  Thomson,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1894. 
President Daniel  Bennett  St.  John  Roosa,  M.D. 

i  Charles  McBurney,  M.D. 
Lewis  Atterbury  Stimson,  M.D. 
Joseph  Decatur  Bryant,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary Richard  Kalish,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  Reginald  Hall  Sayre,  M.D. 


List  of  Officers  77 

Corresponding  Secretary   M.  Allen  Starr,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Adoniram  Brown  Judson,  M.D. 

Editor  of  the  Transactions George  Thomas  Jackson,  M.D. 

Treasurer Orlando  Benajah  Douglas,  M.D. 

Abraham  Jacobi,  M.D. 

Daniel  Lewis,  M.D. 
Trustees  \  Frederick  Augustus  Castle,  M.D. 

Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 
1^  Arthur  Middleton  Jacobus,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees William  Floyd  Cushman,  M.D. 

Librarian  Egbert  Henry  Grandin,  M.D. 

Orator  Charles  Loomis  Dana,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1895. 
President Joseph  Decatur  Bryant,  M.D. 

j  Lewis  Atterbury  Stimson,  M.D. 
Vice-Presidents  "j  Daniel  Lewis,  M.D. 

'  William  Mecklenberg  Polk,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Reginald  Hall  Sayre,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary  John  Frederick  Erdmann,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary   M.  Allen  Starr,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Adoniram  Brown  Judson,  M.D. 

Editor  of  the  Transactions George  Thomas  Jackson,  M.D. 

Treasurer Orlando  Benajah  Douglas,  M.D. 

Abraham  Jacobi,  M.D. 

Frederick  Augustus  Castle,  M.D. 
Trustees  -j  Everett  Herriclc.  M.D. 

Arthur  Middleton  Jacobus,  M.D. 

George  Livingston  Peabody,  M.D. 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees V/illiam  Floyd  Cushman,  M.D. 

Librarian  George  Thomas  Jackson,  M.D. 

Orator  Edward  G.  Janeway,  M.D. 

OFFICERS— 1896. 

President Joseph  Decatur  Bryant,  M.D. 

i  Daniel  Lewis,  M.D. 
William  Mecklenberg  Polk,  M.D. 
Egbert  Henry  Grandin,  M.D. 

Recording  Secretary  Reginald  Hall  Sayre,  M.D. 

Assistant  Secretary John  Harvey  Girdner,  M.D. 

Corresponding   Secretary    M.  Allen  Starr,  M.D. 

Statistical  Secretary Adoniram  Brown  Judson,  M.D. 

Editor  of  the  Transactions George  Thomas  Jackson,  M.D. 

Treasurer Orlando  Benajah  Douglas,  M.D. 

Abraham  Jacobi,  M.D. 
Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 

Trustees  -I  Arthur  Middleton  Jacobus,  M.D. 

George  Livingston  Peabody,  M.D. 
Joseph  Edward  Janvrin,  M.D. 


78  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

Treasurer  for  the  Trustees William  Floyd  Cushman,  M.D. 

Librarian  George  Thomas  Jackson,  M.D. 

Orator  George  Ryerson  Fowler,  M.D. 

LIST   OF    PRESIDENTS    OF   THE    ACADEMY    FROM   ITS 
ORGANIZATION. 

Elected. 

1847 *John  Stearns,  M.D. 

1848 ♦John  Wakefield  Francis,  M.D. 

1849 *Valentine  Mott,  M.D. 

1850 *Isaac  Wood,  M.D. 

185 1 *  Alexander  Hodgdon  Stevens,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1852 *Thomas  Cock,  M.D. 

1853 *Isaac  Wood,  M.D. 

1854 *Joseph  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

I8SS *John  Wakefield  Francis,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1856 *Willard  Parker,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1857 *Valentine  Mott,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1858 *John  Putnam  Batchelder,  M.D. 

1859 *John  Watson,  M.D. 

1861 *James  Anderson,  AI.D. 

1867 *Alfred  Charles  Post,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1869 *Henry  Daggett  Bulkley,  M.D. 

1871 *Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

'    1873 *Austin  Flint,  M.D. 

1875 .Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

1879 *Benjamin  Fordyce  Barker,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1885 Abraham  Jacobi,  M.D. 

1889 *Alfred  Lee  Loomis,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1893 Daniel  Bennett  St.  John  Roosa,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

189s Joseph  Decatur  Bryant,  M.D. 

LIST   OF  VICE-PRESIDENTS   OF   THE  ACADEMY. 

1847 *Francis  Upton  Johnston,  M.D. 

1847 *Thomas  Cock,  M.D. 

1847 *John  Brodhead  Beck,  M.D. 

1847 *John  Wakefield  Francis,  M.D..  LL.D. 

1848 *John  Kearny  Rodgers,  M.D. 

1848 *William  W.  Miner,  M.D. 

1849 *Isaac  Wood,  M.D. 

1849 *James  Robert  Manley,  M.D. 

1849 *Galen  Carter,  M.D. 

1850 *Joseph  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

1850 *James  Cotton  Bliss,  M.D. 

1850 *Alfred  Charles  Post,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

•  Deceased. 


List  of  Officers  79 

Elected. 

1851 *John  Putnam  Batchelder,  M.D. 

1852 *James  Anderson,  M.D. 

1852 *Gurdon  Buck,  M.D. 

1853 *Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  M.D. 

1853 Ferdinand  Campbell  Stewart,  M.D. 

1853 *William  Detmold,  M.D. 

1853 *Willard  Parker,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1854 *John  Hoskins  Griscom,  M.D. 

1856 *John  Watson,  M.D. 

1856 *Jackson  Bolton,  M.D. 

1857 *James  Rushmore  Wood,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1857 *Benjamin  Fordyce  Barker,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1858 *Charles  Edward  Isaacs,  M.D. 

1858 *William  Holme  Van  Buren,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1858 *Samuel  Conant  Foster,  M.D. 

1859 *Joel  Foster,  M.D. 

i860 *Moses  Depew  Van  Pelt,  M.D. 

1862 *Henry  Daggett  Bulkley,  M.D. 

1863 *  Alfred  Underbill,  M.D. 

1864 *Alfred  Cotton  Post,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1865 *Henry  Daggett  Bulkley,  M.D. 

1866 *01iver  Wbite,  M.D. 

1867 *Isaac  Ebenezer  Taylor,  M.D. 

1868 *Edmund  Randolpb  Peaslee,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1869 *Josepb  Cbrisman  Hutchison,  M.D. 

1870 *  William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 

1871 *Austin  Flint,  M.D. 

1872 Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

1873 *Samuel  Thomas  Hubbard,  M.D. 

1874 *John  Call  Dalton,  M.D. 

1875 Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  M.D. 

1876 *Fordyce  Barker,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1877 *William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

1878 Theodore  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.D. 

1879 *James  Rosebrough  Leaming,  M.D. 

1880 *Frank  Hastings  Hamilton,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

1881 Robert  Fulton  Weir,  M.D. 

1882 Horace  Tracy  Hanks,  M.D. 

1883 *Horace  Putnam  Farnham,  M.D. 

1884 Robert  Fulton  Weir,  M.D. 

1885 *Charles  Carroll  Lee,  M.D. 

1886 Henry  Drury  Noyes,  M.D. 

1887 William  Henry  Draper,  M.D. 

1888 Andrew  Heermance  Smith,  M.D. 

1889 Daniel  Bennett  St.  John  Roosa,  M.D. 

•  Deceased. 


8o  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration 

Elected. 

1890 Richard  Channing  Moore  Page,  M.D. 

1891 Edward  Lawrence  Keyes,  M.D. 

1892 Charles  McBurney,   M.D. 

1893 Lewis  Atterbury  Stimson,  M.D. 

1894 Joseph  Decatur  Bryant,  M.D. 

1895 William  Mecklenberg  Polk,  M.D. 

1895 Daniel  Lewis,  M.D. 

1896 Egbert  Henry  Grandin,  M.D. 

1897 Everett  Herrick,  M.D. 

LIST    OF    RECORDING   SECRETARIES    OF   THE   ACADEMY. 

1847 Ferdinand  Campbell  Stewart,  M.D. 

1849 *John  Ledyard  Vandervoort,  M.D. 

1850 *John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

1852 *Jackson  Bolton,  M.D. 

1853 *Samuel  Augustus  Purdy,  M.D. 

1855 *Samuel  Conant  Foster,  M.D. 

1857 *Charles  Frederick  Hey  wood,  M.D. 

1859 Theodore  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.D. 

1862 John  Henry  Hinton,  M.D. 

1865 *William  Mellen  Chamberlain,  M.D. 

1868 *Edward  Houghton  Janes,  M.D. 

1871 *William  Thomas  White,  M.D. 

1877 Horace  Tracy  Hanks,  M.D. 

1880 Edwin  Fletcher  Ward,  M.D. 

1883 William  Henry  Katzenbach,  M.D. 

1885 Arthur  Middleton  Jacobus,  M.D. 

1892 Richard  Kalish,  M.D. 

1895 Reginald  Hall  Sayre,  M.D. 

LIST    OF    TREASURERS   OF  THE  ACADEMY. 

1847 *Robert  Watts,  M.D. 

1848 *James  Otis  Pond,  M.D. 

1877 *Horace  Putnam  Farnham,  M.D. 

1883 William  Floyd  Cushman,  M.D. 

1892 Orlando  Benajah  Douglas,  M.D. 

LIST   OF   CORRESPONDING   SECRETARIES   OF   THE 
ACADEMY. 

1847 *Benjamin  Drake,  M.D. 

1848 *Gurdon  Buck,  M.D. 

1849 *John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

1850 *Edward  Langdon  Beadle,  M.D. 

•  Deceased.  ,  ^ 


List  of  Officers  8i 

Elected. 

1853 *Samuel  Conant  Foster,  M.D. 

1855 *John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

1856 John  Winantz  Greene,  M.D. 

1862 *John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

1868 *William  Currie  Roberts,  M.D. 

1871 *John  Glover  Adams,  M.D. 

1885 *Loiiis  Elsberg,  M.D. 

1886 *  Wesley  Mannen  Carpenter,  M.D. 

1889 M.  Allen  Starr,  M.D. 

LIST    OF    STATISTICAL    SECRETARIES    OF    THE 
ACADEMY. 

1863 *John  Hoskins  Griscom,  M.D. 

1863 Samuel  Smith  Purple,  M.D. 

1868 William  Faulds  Thoms,  M.D. 

1873 *Bradford  Smith  Thompson,  M.D. 

1874 Allan  McLane  Hamilton,  M.D. 

1878 *Francis  Varian  White,  M.D. 

1886 Adoniram  Brown  Judson,  M.D. 

*  Deceased. 


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